tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-18791644493823218352024-02-07T11:10:21.711-08:00Aneka apa aja | gudangnya SOFTWAREinfo software,Artikel,aplikasi,Makalah,DownloadImam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.comBlogger306125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-22309641330587504162020-10-22T22:52:00.001-07:002020-10-22T22:52:21.614-07:00TRAUMA PERSALINAN<p><b> TRAUMA PERSALINAN</b><br /></p><p><!--[if !mso]>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO9Cn9bIpRm0FyjUDwmeCD2It-UJkRgJ8kdWBOydWFGgcyschBVczBZfuVyzQJ9Aa5JJbCaQkm5B6abKAab0ldKVD9Jd7uL2-AtieCakp6aVZekEx_64wL-h-j53oSWZYnun7i3_m4P0Y/s1000/gentle-birth-metode-persalinan-minim-trauma-1578308172.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="500" data-original-width="1000" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjO9Cn9bIpRm0FyjUDwmeCD2It-UJkRgJ8kdWBOydWFGgcyschBVczBZfuVyzQJ9Aa5JJbCaQkm5B6abKAab0ldKVD9Jd7uL2-AtieCakp6aVZekEx_64wL-h-j53oSWZYnun7i3_m4P0Y/s320/gentle-birth-metode-persalinan-minim-trauma-1578308172.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelahiran seorang bayi merupakan saat yang membahagiakan orang
tua, terutama bayi yang lahir sehat. Bayi yang nantinya tumbuh menjadi anak
dewasa melalui proses yang panjang, dengan tidak mengesampingkan faktor
lingkungan keluarga. Terpenuhinya kebutuhan dasar anak (asah-asih-asuh) oleh
keluarga akan memberikan lingkungan yang terbaik bagi anak, sehingga tumbuh
kembang anak menjadi seoptimal mungkin. Tetapi tidak semua bayi lahir dalam
keadaan sehat. Beberapa bayi lahir dengan gangguan pada masa prenatal, natal
dan pascanatal. Keadaan ini akan memberikan pengaruh bagi tumbuh kembang anak
selanjutnya. (Saiffudin, 2006)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cedera
lahir adalah kelainan bayi baru lahir yang terjadi karena trauma lahir akibat
tindakan, cara persalinan atau gangguan persalinan yang diakibatkan kelainan
fisiologis persalinan. Sebagian besar cedera lahir terjadi selama persalinan
lama dan berlarut-larut atau kesulitan lahir. Cedera lahir dapat terjadi
apabila janin besar atau presentasi atau posisi janin abnormal. </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>PEMBAHASAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Definisi</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Trauma
kelahiran adalah kelahiran pada bayi baru lahir yang terjadi karena trauma
kelainan akibat tindakan, cara persalinan / gangguan yang diakibatkan oleh
kelainan fisiologik persalinan (Sarwono Prawirohardjo, 2001 :229)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Trauma
persalinan adalah kelainan bayi baru lahir yang terjadi karena trauma lahir
akibat tindakan, cara persalinan atau gangguan persalinan yang diakibatkan
kelainan fisiologis persalinan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Trauma
lahir adalah trauma pada bayi yang diterima dalam atau karena proses kelahiran.
Istilah trauma lahir digunakan untuk menunjukkan trauma mekanik dan anoksik,
baik yang dapat dihindarkan maupun yang tidak dapat dihindarkan, yang didapat
bayi pada masa persalinan dan kelahiran. Trauma dapat terjadi sebagai akibat
ketrampilan atau perhatian medik yang tidak pantas atau yang tidak memadai sama
sekali, atau dapat terjadi meskipun telah mendapat perawatan kebidanan yang
terampil dan kompeten dan sama sekali tidak ada kaitannya dengan tindakan atau
sikap orang tua yang acuh tak acuh. Pembatasan trauma lahir tidak meliputi
trauma akibat amniosentesis, tranfusi intrauteri, pengambilan contoh darah vena
kulit kepala atau resusitasi. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Angka
kejadian trauma lahir pada beberapa tahun terakhir ini menunjukkan
kecenderungan menurun. Hal ini disebabkan banyak kemajuan dalam bidang
obstetri, khususnya pertimbangan seksio sesarea atau indikasi adanya
kemungkinan kesulitan melahirkan bayi. Cara kelahiran bayi sangat erat
hubungannya dengan angka kejadian trauma lahir. Angka kejadian trauma lahir
yang mempunyai arti secara klinis berkisar antara 2 sampai 7 per seribu
kelahiran hidup. Berapa faktor risiko yang dapat menaikkan angka kejadian
trauma lahir antara lain adalah makrosomia, malprensentasi, presentasi ganda,
disproporsi sefala pelvik, kelahiran dengan tindakan persalinan lama,
persalinan presipitatus, bayi kurang bulan, distosia bahu, dan akhirnya faktor
manusia penolong persalinan. Lokasi atau tempat trauma lahir sangat erat
hubungannya dengan cara lahir bayi tersebut atau phantom yang dilakukan
penolong persalinan waktu melahirkan bayi. Dengan demikian cara lahir tertentu
umumnya mempunyai predisposisi lokasi trauma lahir tertentu pula. Secara klinis
trauma lahir dapat bersifat ringan yang akan sembuh sendiri atau bersifat laten
yang dapat meninggalkan gejala sisa.Selain trauma lahir yang disebabkan oleh
faktor mekanis dikenal pula trauma lahir yang bersifat hipoksik. Pada bayi
kurang bulan khususnya terdapat hubungan antara hipoksik selama proses
persalinan dengan bertambahnya perdarahan per intraventrikuler dalam otak.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Etiologi</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Menurut
A.H. Markum dkk (1991 : 266) penyebab terjadinya trauma persalinan yaitu sebagai
berikut:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Makrosomia(Berat
bayi baru lahir lebih dari 400 gram)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Mal
presentasi (bagian terendah janin yang tidak sesuai)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Presentasi
ganda (bagian terendah janin lebih dari 1 bagian)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -6.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Disproporsi
sephalo pelvik (ketidak sesuaian panggul dan kepala janin)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -6.6pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kelahiran
dan tindakan (proses persalinan yang tidak spontan tapi dengan menggunakan
alat)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5. Persalinan
lama (persalinan yang lebih dari 24 jam)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6. Persalinan
presipitatus (persalinan dimana gejala Kala I tidak dirasakan sakit dan
berakhir dengan lahirnya bayi)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7. Bayi
kurang bulan (bayi lahir dengan usia kehamilan 22 – 26 minggu)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8.
Distosia bahu (kemacetan bahu)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Macam-Macam Tauma Persalinan</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Susunan Saraf</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Paralis
Pleksus Brakialis</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Paralisis
Nervus Frenikus</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kerusakan
Medulla Spinalis</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Paralisis
Pita Suara</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>b. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fraktur (Patah Tulang)</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 6.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fraktur
Tulang Tengkorak</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 6.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fraktur
Tulang Klavikula</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 6.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fraktur
Tulang Humerus</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 6.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fraktur
Tulang Femur</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>c. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jaringan Lunak</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 6.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kaput
Suksedaneum</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 6.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sefalohematoma</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 6.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perdarahan
Subafoneurosis</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 6.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Trauma
Muskulus Sternokleido-Mastoideus</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 6.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perdarahan
Subkunjungtiva</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 63.8pt; text-indent: 6.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Nekrosis
Jaringan Lemak Subkutis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">4. </b></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian Caput Succedaneum</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img height="260" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" width="347" /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Caput succedaneum adalah
edema kulit kepala anak yang terjadi karena tekanan dari jalan lahir kepada
kepala anak. Atau pembengkakan difus, kadang-kadang bersifat ekimotik atau
edematosa, pada jaringan lunak kulit kepala, yang mengenai bagian kepala terbawah,
yang terjadi pada kelahiran verteks. Karena tekanan ini vena tertutup, tekanan
dalam vena kapiler meninggi hingga cairan masuk ke dalam jaringan longgar
dibawah lingkaran tekanan dan pada tempat yang terendah. Dan merupakan benjolan
yang difus kepala, dan melampaui sutura garis tengah. (Obstetri fisiologi,
UNPAD.1985)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Caput<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>succedaneum: Pembengkakan pada suatu tempat
dan kepala / adanya timbunan getah bening bawah lapisan apenorose di luar
periostium</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Caput succedaneum ini
ditemukan biasanya pada presentasi kepala, sesuai dengan posisi bagian yang
bersangkutan. Pada bagian tersebut terjadi oedema sebagai akibat pengeluaran
serum dari pembuluh darah. Caput succedaneum tidak memerlukan pengobatan khusus
dan biasanya menghilang setelah 2-5 hari.(Sarwono Prawiroharjo.2002)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kejadian caput
succedaneum pada bayi sendiri adalah benjolan pada kepala bayi akibat tekanan
uterus atau dinding vagina dan juga pada persalinan dengan tindakan vakum
ekstraksi.(Sarwono Prawiroharjo.2002)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Etiologi</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Banyak hal yang menjadi penyebab terjadinya caput
succedaneum pada bayi baru lahir(Obstetri fisiologi,UNPAD, 1985, hal 254),
yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Persalinan lama</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Dapat menyebabkan caput succedaneum karena terjadi
tekanan pada jalan lahir yang terlalu lama, menyebabkan pembuluh darah vena
tertutup, tekanan dalam vena kapiler meninggi hingga cairan masuk kedalam
cairan longgar dibawah lingkaran tekanan dan pada tempat yang terendah.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Persalinan
dengan ekstraksi vakum</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Pada bayi yang dilahirkan vakum yang cukup berat,
sering terlihat adanya caput vakum sebagai edema sirkulasi berbatas dengan
sebesar alat penyedot vakum yang digunakan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">His cukup
kuat, makin kuat his, makin besar caput suksedaneum</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6. </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manifestasi Klinis</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Menurut Nelson dalam Ilmu Kesehatan Anak (Richard E,
Behrman.dkk.2000), tanda dan gejala yang dapat ditemui pada anak dengan caput
succedaneum adalah sebagi berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Adanya
edema dikepala berwarna kemerahan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Pada perabaan teraba lembut dan
lunak</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Edema melampaui sela-sela tengkorak</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Batas yang tidak jelas</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5. Biasanya menghilang 2-3 hari tanpa
pengobatan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7. </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Patofisiologi</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Kelainan ini timbul
karena tekanan yang keras pada kepala ketika memasuki jalan lahir sehingga
terjadi bendungan sirkulasi kapiler dan limfe disertai pengeluaran cairan tubuh
ke jaringan ekstra vaskuler. Benjolan caput ini berisi cairan serum dan sering
bercampur dengan sedikit darah. Benjolan dapat terjadi sebagai akibat
bertumpang tindihnya tulang kepala di daerah sutura pada suatu proses kelahiran
sebagai salah satu upaya bayi untuk mengecilkan lingkaran kepalanya agar dapat
melalui jalan lahir. Umumnya moulage ini ditemukan pada sutura sagitalis dan
terlihat segera setelah bayi lahir. Moulage ini umumnya jelas terlihat pada
bayi premature dan akan hilang sendiri dalam satu sampai dua hari.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Menurut Sarwono
Prawiraharjo dalam Ilmu Kebidanan 2002, proses perjalanan penyakit caput
succedaneum adalah sebagi berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Pembengkakan yang terjadi pada kasus
caput succadeneum merupakan pembengkakan difus jaringan otak, yang dapat
melampaui sutura garis tengah.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Adanya
edema dikepala terjadi akibat pembendungan sirkulasi kapiler dan limfe disertai
pengeluaran cairan tubuh. Benjolan biasanya ditemukan didaerah presentasi lahir
dan terletak periosteum hingga dapat melampaui sutura.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>8. </span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan Diagnostik</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Sebenarnya dalam
pemeriksaan caput succedaneum tidak perlu dilakukan pemeriksaan diagnostik
lebih lanjut melihat caput succedaneum sangat mudah untuk dikenali. Namun juga sangat
perlu untuk melakukan diagnosa banding dengan menggunakan foto rontgen (X-Ray)
terkait dengan penyerta caput succedaneum yaitu fraktur tengkorak, koagulopati
dan perdarahan intrakranial. (Meida.2009)</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>9. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penatalaksanaan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Menurut Nelson dalam Ilmu
Kesehatan Anak (Richard E, Behrman.dkk.2000), Pembengkakan pada caput
succedaneum dapat meluas menyeberangi garis tengah atau garis sutura. Dan edema
akan menghilang sendiri dalam beberapa hari. Pembengkakan dan perubahan warna
yang analog dan distorsi wajah dapat terlihat pada kelahiran dengan presentasi
wajah. Dan tidak diperlukan pengobatan yang spesifik, tetapi bila terdapat
ekimosis yang ektensif mungkin ada indikasi melakukan fisioterapi dini untuk
hiperbilirubinemia.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Moulase kepala dan
tulang parietal yang tumpang tindih sering berhubungan dengan adanya caput
succedaneum dan semakin menjadi nyata setelah caput mulai mereda, kadang-kadang
caput hemoragik dapat mengakibatkan syok dan diperlukan transfusi darah.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Berikut adalah
penatalaksanaan secara umum yang bisa diberikan pada anak dengan caput
succedaneum :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Bayi dengan caput succedaneum diberi
ASI langsung dari ibu tanpa makanan tambahan apapun, maka dari itu perlu
diperhatikan penatalaksanaan pemberian ASI yang adekuat dan teratur.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Bayi
jangan sering diangkat karena dapat memperluas daerah edema kepala.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Atur
posisi tidur bayi tanpa menggunakan bantal</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Mencegah
terjadinya infeksi dengan :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>1.
Perawatan tali pusat</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Personal hygiene baik</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5. Berikan
penyuluhan pada orang tua tentang :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perawatan bayi sehari-hari, bayi dirawat
seperti perawatan bayi normal.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 63.8pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -63.8pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keadaan trauma pada bayi , agar tidak usah
khawatir karena benjolan akan menghilang 2-3 hari</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>6.
Berikan lingkungan yang nyaman dan hangat pada bayi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>7.
Awasi keadaan umum bayi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: #1d1b11; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-themecolor: background2; mso-themeshade: 26;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>10.
</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komplikasi</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 27.0pt 31.5pt 40.5pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1) Infeksi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 27.0pt 31.5pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Infeksi pada caput succedaneum
bisa terjadi karena kulit kepala terluka. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 27.0pt 31.5pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ikterus</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 27.0pt 31.5pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 4;"> </span>Pada bayi yang terkena caput
succedanieum dapat menyebabkan ikterus karena inkompatibilitas faktor Rh atau
golongan darah A, B, O antara ibu dan bayi. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 27.0pt 31.5pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3) Anemia</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Anemia
bisa terjadi pada bayi yang terkena caput succedanieum karena pada benjolan terjadi
perdarahan yang hebat atau perdarahan yang banyak.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 348.0pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 348.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>LATIHAN SOAL </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apa yang dimaksud dengan trauma persalinan?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apa yang dimaksud dengan <span style="color: black;">Caput Succedaneum?</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apa penyebab terjadinya trauma persalinan?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>JAWABAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Trauma persalinan adalah kelainan bayi baru
lahir yang terjadi karena trauma lahir akibat tindakan, cara persalinan atau
gangguan persalinan yang diakibatkan kelainan fisiologis persalinan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Caput
succedaneum adalah benjolan yang membulat disebabkan kepala tertekan leher
rahim yang saat itu belum membuka penuh yang akan menghilang dalam waktu satu
dua hari.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penyebab terjadinya trauma persalinan
diantaranya karena : </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">proses
persalinan yang tidak sesuai dengan harapan, persalinan yang sulit dan
menyakitkan, komplikasi dalam persalinan, operasi sesar darurat · bayi atau ibu
yang menderita cedera saat lahir, bayi yang membutuhkan perawatan medis setelah
melahirkan, kematian bayi yang baru lahir,tidak mendapatkan dukungan atau
perawatan yang dibutuhkan selama atau setelah proses kelahiran, trauma pada
kelahiran sebelumnya, dan cemas</span> </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 348.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 348.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 348.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 348.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 348.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 348.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Doenges,E.marlynn.1993.Rencana
Asuhan Keperawatan Pedoman untuk Perencanaan dan Pendokumentasian Perawatan
Pasien.Jakarta.EGC</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 348.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Daly.W
Lloyd.1998. Kamus Saku Kedokteran Dorland. Jakarta.ECG</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 348.0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://.wordpress.tauma/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Http://.Wordpress.Tauma</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> persalinan
pada bayi baru lahir.(diakses pada tanggal 21 november 2013)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 348.0pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.scribd.com/doc/258911239/Makalah-Trauma-Persalinan#download"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">https://www.scribd.com/doc/258911239/Makalah-Trauma-Persalinan#download</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 348.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p></p>Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com2tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-92217751721475479512020-10-22T22:48:00.002-07:002020-10-22T22:48:50.470-07:00SUMBER HUKUM PELAYANAN KEBIDANAN<p> </p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BAB I</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hak
atas pelayanan dan perlindungan kesehatan bagi ibu dan anak merupakan hak dasar
sebagaimana termaktub dalam Pasal 28 H Undang-Undang Dasar Republik Indonesia
Tahun 1945, menentukan bahwa setiap orang hidup sejahtera lahir dan batin
bertempat tinggal dan mendapat lingkungan hidup yang baik dan sehat serta
berhak memperoleh pelayanan kesehatan. Pasal 34 ayat (3) Undang-Undang Dasar
Republik Indonesia Tahun 1945menentukan bahwa negara bertanggung jawab atas
penyediaan fasilitas pelayanan kesehatan dan fasilitas pelayanan umum yang
layak.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pencantuman
hak terhadap pelayanan kesehatan tersebut, tidak lain bertujuan untuk menjamin
hak-hak kesehatan yang fundamental seperti tertuang dalam <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Declaration of Human Right 1948</i>, bahwa <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">health is a fundamental human right</i>.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Selain<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>itu,
terdapat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>juga<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>serangkaian<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>konvensi internasional</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">yang<a name="page3"></a>
ditandatangani oleh pemerintah Indonesia yaitu Undang-Undang Republik Indonesia
Nomor 7 Tahun 1984 Tentang Pengesahan Konvensi Mengenai Penghapusan Segala
Bentuk Diskriminasi Terhadap Wanita, kesepakatan konvensi internasional tentang
perempuan di Beijing tahun 1995. Adapun mengenai pembangunan kesehatan nasional
yang diatur dalam Pasal 173 Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan
(Tedi Sudrajat dan Agus Mardiyanto, 2012).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sebagai
seorang tenaga kesehatan yang langsung memberikan pelayanan kesehatan kepada
masyarakat, seorang bidan harus melakukan tindakan dalam praktik kebidanan
secara etis, serta harus memiliki etika kebidanan yang sesuai dengan
nilai-nilai keyakinan filosofi profesi dan masyarakat (Tedi Sudrajat dan Agus
Mardiyanto, 2012).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut
Pasal 23 Undang-Undang Nomor 36 Tahun 2009 tentang Kesehatan disebutkan bahwa
tenaga kesehatan berwenang untuk menyelenggarakan pelayanan kesehatan. Namun
dalam ayat ini dijelaskan bahwa kewenangan yang dimaksud dalam ayat ini adalah
kewenangan yang diberikan berdasarkan pendidikannya setelah melalui proses
registrasi dan pemberian izin dari pemerintah sesuai dengan peraturan
perundang-undangan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kewenangan
bidan dalam penyelenggaraan praktik kebidanan yang disebutkan dalam Peraturan
Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 28 Tahun 2017 tentang Izin dan
Penyelenggaraan Praktik Bidan, yakni pelayanan kesehatan ibu, pelayanan
kesehatan anak,dan pelayanan kesehatan reproduksi perempuan dan keluarga
berencana.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pasal
20 ayat 2 Permenkes Nomor 28 Tahun 2017 tentang Izin dan Penyelenggaraan
Praktik Bidan menyatakan bahwa bidan berwenang melakukan pemantauan tumbuh
kembang bayi, anak balita. Dalam pasal tersebut tidak disebutkan bahwa bidan
boleh melakukan Manajemen Terpadu Balita Sakit (MTBS) di BPM (Bidan Praktik
Mandiri). <a name="page4"></a></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut
Pasal 23 ayat (1) Keputusan Menteri Kesehatan No 1464/MenKes/per/X/2010,
menentukan bahwa dalam rangka pelaksanaan pengawasan sebagaimana dimaksud dalam
Pasal 21, Menteri, Pemerintah daerah provinsi dan pemerintah daerah kabupaten/
kota dapat memberian tindakan administratif kepada bidan yang melakukan
pelanggaran terhadap ketentuan penyelenggaraan praktik dalam peraturan ini.
Ayat (2) dari pasal tersebut menentukan bahwa tindakan administratif
sebagaimana dimaksud pada ayat (1) dilakukan melalui teguran lisan, teguran
tertulis, pencabutan SIKB/SIPB untuk sementara paling lama 1 tahun; atau
pencabutan SIKB/SIPB selamanya. Dari sudut hukum, profesi tenaga kesehatan
dapat diminta pertanggungjawaban berdasarkan hukum perdata, hukum pidana maupun
hukum administrasi (Tedi Sudrajat dan Agus Mardiyanto, 2012).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Oleh
karena itu, setiap tenaga kesehatan harus memperhatikan standar yang berlaku di
profesinya termasuk bidan, selain itu bidan juga harus patuh pada Kode Etik
Kebidanan. Kode etik Kebidanan merupakan suatu pernyataan komprehensif profesi
yang memberikan tuntunan bagi bidan untuk melaksanakan praktek kebidanan baik
yang berhubungan dengan kesejahteraan keluarga, masyarakat, teman sejawat,
profesi dan dirinya (Sofyan, Mustika, 2007).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BAB II</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMEfub1JaIp8XF31lWvrjsb5Auoe7lmHTJy1j-ZLIe-0GIYslD-A-kuzZbWljFn97u3kDVxm_6B1Ts9uuOe0S4i9LZqLaNsx3YdRpR5YMM6bvVvnLbQRbqwJD9FwbLzrowCq5Tw_E3PC4/s500/55299b716ea834db268b4567.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="397" data-original-width="500" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiMEfub1JaIp8XF31lWvrjsb5Auoe7lmHTJy1j-ZLIe-0GIYslD-A-kuzZbWljFn97u3kDVxm_6B1Ts9uuOe0S4i9LZqLaNsx3YdRpR5YMM6bvVvnLbQRbqwJD9FwbLzrowCq5Tw_E3PC4/s320/55299b716ea834db268b4567.jpeg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>TUJUAN
PEMBELAJARAN</span></b></p>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengembangkan pelayanan yang unik kepada
masyarakat;</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anggota-anggotanya dipersiapkan melalui suatu
program pendidikan yang ditujukan untuk maksud profesi yang bersangkutan;</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memiliki serangkaian pengetahuan ilmiah;</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anggota-anggotanya bebas mengambil keputusan
dalam menjalankan profesinya dalam koridor yang telah ditetapkan;</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anggota – anggotanya wajar menerima imbalan jasa
atas pelayanan yang telah diberikan</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memiliki suatu organisasi profesi yang senantiasa
meningkatkan kualitas pelayanan yang diberikan kepasa masyarakat oleh anggotanya.</span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>SUMBER
HUKUM</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Undang-undang
kesehatan Nomor 23 tahun 1992</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut
Undang-Undang Kesehatan Nomer 23 tahum 1992 kewajiban tenaga kesehatan adalah
mematuhi standar profesi tenaga kesehatan, menghormati hak pasien, menjaga
kerahasiaan identitas dan kesehatan pasien, memberikan informasi dan meminta
persetujuan (Informed consent), dan membuat serta memelihara rekam medik.
Standar profesi tenaga kesehatan adalah pedoman yang harus dipergunakan oleh
tenaga kesehatan sebagai petunjuk dalam menjalankan profesinya secara baik. Hak
tenaga kesehatan adalah memperoleh perlindungan hukum melakukan tugasnya sesuai
dengan profesi tenaga kesehatan serta mendapat penghargaan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 28.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Pertemuan Program Safe Motherhood dari
negara-negara di wilayah SEARO/Asia tenggara tahun 1995 tentang SPK</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
pertemuan ini disepakati bahwa kualitas pelayanan kebidanan yang diberikan
kepada setiap ibu yang memerlukannya perlu diupayakan agar memenuhi standar
tertentu agar aman dan efektif. Sebagai tindak lanjutnya, WHO SEARO
mengembangkan Standar Pelayanan Kebidanan.<a name="page9"></a> Standar ini
kemudian diadaptasikan untuk pemakaian di Indonesia, khususnya untuk tingkat
pelayanan dasar, sebagai acuan pelayanan di tingkat masyarakat. Standar ini
diberlakukan bagi semua pelaksana kebidanan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Pertemuan Program tingkat propinsi DIY tentang
penerapan SPK 1999 Bidan sebagai tenaga profesional merupakan ujung tombak
dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pemeriksaan kehamilan seharusnya
sesuai dengan prosedur standar pelayanan kebidanan yang telah ada yang telah
tertulis dan ditetapkan sesuai dengan kondisi di Propinsi Daerah Istimewa
Yogyakarta (Dinkes DIY, 1999).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Kep Menkes RI Nomor 900/Menkes/SK/VII/2002 tentang
registrasi dan praktek bidan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
BAB I yaitu tentang Ketentuan Umum pasal 1 ayat 6 yang berbunyi Standar profesi
adalah pedoman yang harus dipergunakan sebagai petunjuk dalam melaksanakan
profesi secara baik.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pelayanan
kebidanan yang bermutu adalah pelayanan kebidanan yang dapat memuaskan setiap
pemakai jasa pelayanan kebidanan serta penyelenggaraannya sesuai kode etik dan
standar pelayanan pofesi yang telah ditetapkan. Standar profesi pada dasarnya
merupakan kesepakatan antar anggota profesi sendiri, sehingga bersifat wajib
menjadi pedoman dalam pelaksanaan setiap kegiatan profesi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Kep Menkes RI Nomor 369/Menkes/SK/III/2007</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bidan
Indonesia adalah : seorang perempuan yang lulus dari pendidikan bidan yang di
akui pemerintah dan organisasi profesi diwilayah Negara Republik Indonesia seta
memiliki kompetisi dan kualifikasi untuk di register, sertifikasi dan atau
secara sah mendapat lisensi untuk menjalankan praktik kebidanan. Pelayanan
kebidanan adalah bagian integral dan system pelayanan kesehatan yang diberikan
oleh bidan yang telah terdaftar (teregrister) yang dapat dilakukan secara
mandiri, kolaborasi, dan rujukan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 17.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">6.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peraturan Menkes RI Nomor HK. 02.
02/Menkes/149/2010 tentang Izin dan Penyelenggaraan Praktik Bidan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><a name="page10"></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Pada BAB
I yaitu tentang Ketentuan Umumpada pasal 1 ayat 3 yang berbunyi Surat Izin
Praktek Bidan yang selanjutnya disingkat SIPB adalah bukti tertulis yang
diberikan kepada Bidan yang sudah memenuhi persyaratan untuk menjalankan
praktik kebidanan. Kemudian pasal 1 ayat 4 yang berbunyi Standar adalah pedoman
yang harus dipergunakan sebagai petunjuk dalam menjalankan profesi yang
meliputi standar pelayanan, standar profesi, dan standar operasional prosedur.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>HUKUM
KESEHATAN</span></b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kebidanan
memiliki Undang-Undang tersendiri. Undang-Undang Nomor 4 Tahun 2019 tentang
Kebidanan disahkan oleh Presiden Joko Widodo pada tanggal 13 Maret 2019.
Undang-Undang 4/2019 tentang Kebidanan diundangkan dalam Lembaran Negara
Republik Indonesia Tahun 2019 Nomor 56 dan Penjelasan Atas UU No. 4 Tahun 2019
tentang Kebidanan dalam Tambahan Lembaran Negara Republik Indonesia Nomor 6325
oleh Menkumham Yasonna H. Laoly pada tanggal 15 Maret 2019 di Jakarta.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kebidanan
adalah segala sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan bidan dalam memberikan pelayanan
kebidanan kepada perempuan selama masa sebelum hamil, masa kehamilan,
persalinan, pascapersalinan, masa nifas, bayi baru lahir, bayi, balita, dan
anak prasekolah, termasuk kesehatan reproduksi perempuan dan keluarga berencana
sesuai dengan tugas dan wewenangnya. Bidan adalah seorang perempuan yang telah
menyelesaikan program pendidikan Kebidanan baik di dalam negeri maupun di luar
negeri yang diakui secara sah oleh Pemerintah Pusat dan telah memenuhi
persyaratan untuk melakukan praktik Kebidanan.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pelayanan
Kebidanan adalah suatu bentuk pelayanan profesional yang merupakan bagian
integral dari sistem pelayanan kesehatan yang diberikan oleh bidct.n secara
mandiri, kolaborasi, dan/atau rujukan. Praktik Kebidanan adalah kegiatan
pemberian pelayanan yang dilakukan oleh Bidan dalam bentuk asuhan kebidanan.
Kompetensi Bidan adalah kemampuan yang dimiliki oleh Bidan yang meliputi
pengetahuan, keterampilan, dan sikap untuk memberikan Pelayanan Kebidanan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">D. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>HUKUM
DALAM PELAYANAN KEBIDANAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Akuntabilitas bidan dalam praktik
kebidanan merupakan suatu hal yang penting dan di tuntut dari suatu profesi,
terutama profesi yang berhubungan dengan keselamatan jiwa manusia, adalah
pertanggung jawaban dan tanggung gugat (accountability) atas semua tindakan
yang dilakukuannya. Sehingga semua tindakan yang dilakukan oleh bidan harus
berbasis kompetensi dan didasari suatu evidence based. Accountability diperkuat
dengan satu landasan hokum yang mengatur batas-batas wewenang profesi yang bersangkutan.<sup>3</sup></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dengan adanya legitimasi kewenangan bidan
yang lebih luas, bidan memiliki hak otonomi dan mandiri untuk bertindak secara
profesional yang dilandasi kemampuan berfikir logis dan sitematis serta
bertindak sesuai standar profesi dan etika profesi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Praktek
kebidanan merupakan inti dari berbagai kegiatan bidan dalam penyelenggaraan
upaya kesehatan yang harus terus-menerus ditingkatkan mutunya melalui:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendidikan dan pelatihan berkelanjutan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengembangan ilmu dan teknologi dalam kebidanan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Akreditasi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sertifikasi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Registrasi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Uji kompetensi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lisensi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">E. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>RANGKUMAN</span></b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hukum adalah
himpunan petunjuk atas kaidah / norma yang mengatur tata tertib dalam suatu
masyarakat, oleh karena itu harus ditaati olehmasyarakat yang bersangkutan.
Hukum dilihat dari isinya terdiri dari norma dan kaidah tentang apa yang boleh
dan tidak boleh dilakukan, yang dilarang atau yang diperbilehkan.<sup>1</sup></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hubungan
hukum perundang-undangan dan hukum yang berlaku dengan tenaga kesehatan adalah
“ Klien sebagai penerima jasa kesehatan mempunyai hubungan timbal balik dengan
tenaga kesehatan yang dalam hal ini adalah pemberi jasa. Hubungan timbal balik
ini mempunyai dasar hukum yang merupakan peraturan pemerintah. Klien sebagai
penerima jasa kesehatan dan tenaga kesehatan sebagai pemberi jasa sama-sama
mempunyai hak dan kewajiban.<sup>1</sup></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bidan sebagai
suatu tenaga profesional diatur oleh kebijakan dalam suatu Negara. Di
Indonesia, ada beberapa Kebijakan baik itu Undang-Undang hingga SK pemerintah
setempat yang mengatur praktik kebidanan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">F. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>EVALUASI</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Semua bentuk peraturan perundang-undangan
di atas wajib diketahui, dipahami dan dilaksanakan oleh masing-masing bidan
sebagai praktisi kesehatan diseluruh wilayah Indonesia. <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</b></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">BAB III</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">KESIMPULAN</span></b></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam rangka mencapai tujuan pembangunan kesehatan dilakukan
berbagai upaya kesehatan, salah satunya dalam bentuk pelayanan kesehatan.
Pelayanan kesehatan bertujuan untuk memelihara dan meningkatkan kesehatan,
mencegah dan menyembuhkan penyakit, serta memulihkan kesehatan perorangan,
kelompok dan masyarakat. Pelayanan Kebidanan, yang merupakan salah satu bentuk
pelayanan kesehatan ditujukan khusus kepada perempuan, bayi baru lahir, bayi,
balita, dan anak prasekolah termasuk kesehatan reproduksi perempuan dan
keluarga berencana. Pelayanan Kebidanan harus diberikan secara bertanggung
jawab, akuntabel, bermutu, dan aman.</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Profesi Bidan di Indonesia masih dihadapkan oleh berbagai
macam kendala seperti persebaran Bidan yang belum merata dan menjangkau seluruh
wilayah terpencil di Indonesia, serta pendidikan Kebidanan yang sampai saat ini
sebagian besar masih pada jenis pendidikan vokasi yang menyebabkan pengembangan
profesi Bidan berjalan sangat lambat. Dalam hal praktik Kebidanan, masih
terdapat ketidaksesuaian antara kewenangan dan kompetensi yang dimiliki oleh Bidan.
Selain itu, Bidan sebagai pemberi Pelayanan Kebidanan perlu dipersiapkan
kemampuannya untuk mengatasi perkembangan permasalahan kesehatan dalam
masyarakat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://moudyamo.wordpress.com/2017/11/09/aspek-hukum-dalam-praktik-kebidanan/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">https://moudyamo.wordpress.com/2017/11/09/aspek-hukum-dalam-praktik-kebidanan/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://www.jogloabang.com/pustaka/uu-4-2019-kebidanan"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">https://www.jogloabang.com/pustaka/uu-4-2019-kebidanan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><a href="https://moudyamo.wordpress.com/2017/12/10/pentingnya-landasan-hukum-dalam-praktik-kebidanan/"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">https://moudyamo.wordpress.com/2017/12/10/pentingnya-landasan-hukum-dalam-praktik-kebidanan/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></p>
<p></p>Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-78033487221574462652020-10-22T22:45:00.005-07:002020-10-22T22:49:40.477-07:00MIKROBIOLOGI DALAM KEBIDANAN<p> </p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> I</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mikroorganisme merupakan jasad
hidup yang mempunyai ukuran sangat kecil (Kusnadi, dkk, 2003).hal ini
dipelajari dalam mikrobiologi. Setiap sel tunggal mikroorganisme memiliki
kemampuan untuk melangsungkan aktivitas kehidupan antara lain dapat dapat
mengalami pertumbuhan, menghasilkan energi dan bereproduksi dengan sendirinya.
Mikroorganisme memiliki fleksibilitas metabolisme yang tinggi karena
mikroorganisme ini harus mempunyai kemampuan menyesuaikan diri yang besar
sehingga apabila ada interaksi yang tinggi dengan lingkungan menyebabkan
terjadinya konversi zat yang tinggi pula. Akan tetapi karena ukurannya yang
kecil, maka tidak ada tempat untuk menyimpan enzim-enzim yang telah dihasilkan.
Dengan demikian enzim yang tidak diperlukan tidak akan disimpan dalam bentuk
persediaan.enzim-enzim tertentu yang diperlukan untuk perngolahan bahan makanan
akan diproduksi bila bahan makanan tersebut sudah ada.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mikroorganisme ini juga tidak
memerlukan tembat yang besar, mudah ditumbuhkan dalam media buatan, dan tingkat
pembiakannya relative cepat (Darkuni, 2001). Oleh karena aktivitasnya tersebut,
maka setiap mikroorganisme memiliki peranan dalam kehidupan, baik yang
merugikan maupun yang menguntungkan.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dan dalam pengelolaan mulai
dari penambilan pengiriman dan lain-lainnya juga berkaaitan dengan
mikroorganisme yang ada didalam feses atau darah tersebut maka pembahasan dalam
makalah ini merupakan hal yang saling berkaitan karena salah cara atau metode
dalam pengelolaan specimen maka akan menimbulkan infeksi oleh specimen yang
mengandung n\mikroorganisme tersebut.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">II</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><br /></p><br /> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aplikasi Mikrobiologi </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">alam Bidang
Kebidanan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sekilas, makna praktis dari
mikroorganisme disadari tertutama karena kerugian yang ditimbulkannya pada
manusia, hewan, dan tumbuh-tumbuhan. Misalnya dalam bidang mikrobiologi kedokteran
dan fitopatologi banyak ditemukan mikroorganisme yang pathogen yang menyebabkan
penyakit dengan sifat-sifat kehidupannya yang khas. Walaupun di bidang lain
mikroorganisme tampil merugikan, tetapi perannya yang menguntungkan jauh lebih
menonjol. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut Schlegel (1994)
beberapa bukti mengenai peranan mikrobiologi dapat dikemukakan sebagai berikut:
</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses klasik menggunakan
mikroorganisme</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di Jepang dan Indonesia sudah
sejak zaman dahulu kacang kedelai diolah dengan menggunakan bantuan fungi,
ragi, dan bakteri asam laktat. Bahkan sudah sejak zaman perang dunia pertama
fermentasi terarah dengan ragi digunakan untuk membuat gliserin. Asam laktat
dan asam sitrat dalam jumlah besar yang diperlukan oleh industri makanan,
masing-masing dibuat dengan pertolongan bakteri asam laktat dan cendawan
Aspergillus niger. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Produk Antibiotika</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penemuan antibiotik telah
menghantarkan pada terapi obat dan industri obat ke era baru. Karena adanya
penemuan penisilin dan produk-produk lain sekresi fungi, aktinomiset, dan
bakteri lain, maka kini telah tersedia obat-obat yang manjur untuk memerangi
penyakit infeksi bakteri. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses menggunakan mikroba</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fermentasi klasik telah
diganti dengan cara baru untuk produksi dan konversi menggunakan mikroba.
Senyawa karotenoid dan steroid diperoleh dari fungi. Sejak ditemukan bahwa
Corynebacterium glutamicum memproduksi glutamat dengan rendemen tinggi dari
gula dan garam amonium, maka telah diisolasi berbagai mutan dan dikembangkan
proses baru yang memungkinkan pembuatan banyak jenis asam amino, nukleotida,
dan senyawabiokimia lain dalam jumlah besar. Mikroorganisme juga diikutsertakan
oleh para ahli kimia pada katalisis sebagian proses dalam rangkaian sintesis
yang panjang; biokonversi oleh mikroba lebih spesifik dengan rendemen lebih
tinggi, mengungguli koversi secara kimia; amilase untuk hidrolisis pati,
proteinase pada pengolahan kulit, pektinase untuk penjernihan sari buah dan
enzim-enzim lain yang digunakan di industri diperoleh dari biakan
mikroorganisme. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Posisi monopoli dari
mikroorganisme</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa bahan dasar yang
terutama tersedia dalam jumlah besar, seperti minyak bumi, gas bumi, dan
selulosa hanya dapat diolah oleh mikroorganisme dan dapat mengubahnya kembali
menjadi bahan sel (biomassa) atau produk antara yang disekresi oleh sel.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknik genetika modern</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kejelasan mengenai mekanisme
pemindahan gen pada bakteri dan peran dari unsur-unsur ekstrakromosom, telah
membuka kemungkinan untuk memindahkan DNA asing ke dalam bakteri. Manipulasi
genetik memungkinkan untuk memasukkan sepotong kecil pembawa informasi genetik
dari manusia ke dalam bakteri sehingga terjadi sintesis senyawa protein yang
bersangkutan. Kegiatan ini sering dilakukan dalam hal pembuatan hormon,
antigen, dan antibodi.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan penjelasan di
atas, mikroorganisme memiliki peranan yang cukup besar dalam kehidupan, baik
peranan yang merugikan maupun yang menguntungkan.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa peranan yang dimiliki
oleh mikroorganisme antara lain sebagai berikut:</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peranan yang Merugikan</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab penyakit, baik pada
manusia, hewan maupun tumbuhan</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Misalnya Strptococcus
pneumoniae penyebab pneumonia dan Corynebacterium diphtheriae penyebab dipteri.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab kebusukan makanan
(spoilage) </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adanya kebusukan pada makanan
dapat disebabkan oleh beberapa jenis bakteri yang tumbuh dalam makanan
tersebut. Beberapa di antara mikroorganisme dapat mengubah rasa beserta aroma
dari makanan sehingga dianggap merupakan mikroorganisme pembusuk. Dalam
pembusukan daging, mikroorganisme yang menghasilkan enzim proteolitik mampu
merombak protein-protein. Pada proses pembusukan sayur dan buah, mikroorganisme
pektinolitik mampu merombak bahan-bahan yang mengandung pektin yang terdapat
pada dinding sel tumbuhan (Tarigan, 1988). Mikroorganisme seperti bakteri,
khamir (yeast) dan kapang (mould) dapat menyebabkan perubahan yang tidak
dikehendaki pada penampakan visual, bau, tekstur atau rasa suatu makanan.
Mikroorganisme ini dikelompokkan berdasarkan tipe aktivitasnya, seperti
proteolitik, lipolitik, dll. Atau berdasarkan kebutuhan hidupnya seperti
termofilik, halofilik, dll.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyebab keracunan makanan
(food borne disease).</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kusnadi, dkk (2003)
menjelaskan bahwa bakteri penghasil racun (enterotoksin atau eksotoksin) dapat
mencemari badan air, misalnya spora Clostridium perfringens, C. Botulinum,
Bacillus cereus, dan Vibrio parahaemolyticus. Spora dapat masuk ke dalam air
melalui debu/tanah, kotoran hewan, dan makanan-limbah. Jika makanan atau
minuman dan air bersih tercemari air tersebut, maka dalam keadaan yang
memungkinkan, bakteri tersebut akan mengeluarkan racun sehingga makanan atau
minuman mengandung racun dan bila dikonsumsi dapat menyebabkan keracunan
makanan. Bahkan menurut Dwidjoseputro (2005) pada makanan yang telah
dipasteurisasi pun juga dapat mengandung racun (toksin) . Makanan yang telah
dipasteurisasi kemudian terus menerus disimpan di dalam kaleng pada temperatur
kamar, dapat mengandung racun yang berasal dari Clostridium botulinum.
Spora-spora dari bakteri ini tidak mati dalam proses pasteurisasi. Dalam
keadaan tertutup (anaerob) dan suhu yang menguntungkan, maka spora-spora
tersebut dapat tumbuh menjadi bakteri serta menghasilkan toksin. Racun yang
dihasilkan tidak mengganggu alat pencernaan, melainkan mengganggu urat saraf
tepi. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menimbulkan pencemaran </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Materi fekal yang masuk ke
dalam badan air, selain membawa bakteri patogen juga akan membawa bakteri
pencemar yang merupakan flora normal saluran pencernaan manusia, misalnya E.
coli. Kehadiran bakteri ini dapat digunakan sebagi indicator pencemaran air
oleh materi fekal.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peranan yang Menguntungkan</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Banyak yang menduga bahwa
mikroorganisme membawa dampak yang merugikan bagi kehidupan hewan, tumbuhan,
dan manusia, misalnya pada bidang mikrobiologi kedokteran dan fitopatologi
banyak ditemukan mikroorganisme yang pathogen yang menyebabkan penyakit dengan
sifat-sifat kehidupannya yang khas. Meskipun demikian, masih banyak manfaat
yang dapat diambil dari mikroorganisme-mikroorganisme tersebut. Penggunaan
mikroorganisme dapat diterapkan dalam berbagai bidang kehidupan, saperti bidang
pertanian, kesehatan, dan lingkungan. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Salah satu manfaat
mikroorganisme dalam bidang kesehatan adalah dalam menghasilkan antibiotika.
Bahan antibiotik dibuat dengan bantuan fungi, aktinomiset, dan bakteri lain.
Antibiotik ini merupakan obat yang paling manjur untuk memerangi infeksi oleh
bakteri. Beberapa mikroba menghasilkan metabolit sekunder, yang sangat
bermanfaat sebagai obat untuk mengendalikan berbagai penyakit infeksi. Sejak
dulu dikenal jamur Penicillium yang pertama kali ditemukan oleh Alexander
fleming (1928), dapat menghasilkan antibiotika penisilin. Sekarang banyak
diproduksi berbagai antibiotik dari berbagai jenis mikroba yang sangat berperan
penting dalam mengobati berbagai penyakit. Selain untuk antibiotik, dalam
bidang kesehatan mikrorganisme juga dapat digunakan sebagai agen pembusuk di
dalam saluran pencernaan alami, yang turut membantu mencerna makanan di dalam
saluran pencernaan.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dan manfaat yang sangat nyata
digunakan dalam bidang kesehatan adalah pembuatan vaksin dari maikroorganisme,yang
digunakan dalam imunisasa namun saat ini banyak orangtua yang enggan
melakukankan imunisasi karena berbagai informasi yang beredar di masyarakat
mengenai efek samping vaksinasi yang dapat terjadi, misalnya vaksinasi MMR
menyebabkan autisme, beberapa vaksinasi menyebabkan sindroma kematian bayi
mendadak (sudden infant death syndrome), kadar thimerosal (zat pengawet) yang
terdapat dalam vaksin begitu tinggi sehingga bisa menyebabkan keracunan
merkuri, dan lain sebagainya. Informasi-informasi tersebut menyebabkan
penurunan drastis jumlah bayi-bayi yang mendapatkan imunisasi dan secara
langsung menyebabkan jumlah penderita infeksi kembali meningkat. Ternyata
pendapat-pendapat tersebut tidak berdasarkan bukti-bukti ilmiah, hanya berupa
dugaan belaka. Berbagai penelitian yang telah dilakukan tidak menemukan
hubungan secara langsung kejadian-kejadian tersebut dengan pemberian vaksinasi.
Selain itu, berbagai teknologi terus dikembangkan untuk membuat vaksin yang
lebih aman dan tidak menimbulkan efek samping. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sekali lagi harus diingat
bahwa setiap tindakan yang dilakukan manusia selalu ada risikonya namun
janganlah hanya mengkhawatirkankan risiko yang mungkin terjadi dari suatu
tindakan yang akan dilakukan tanpa mempertimbangkan manfaat yang akan didapat.
Jelas-jelas manfaat pemberian imunisasi jauh lebih besar dari kemungkinan
komplikasi yang dapat terjadi. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ternyata, begitu banyak
manfaat yang didapat dari pemberian imunisasi. Imunisasi merupakan tanda cinta
dan perwujudan rasa tanggung jawab untuk melindungi anak. Karena itu, tidak ada
lagi keragu-raguan untuk tidak memberikan imunisasi. Imunisasi tidak hanya
melindungi individu dari serangan penyakit, tapi juga melindungi komunitas!
Untuk itu ajaklah anak tetangga, anak tukang kebun, anak pak hansip, dan semua
anak-anak yang belum mendapatkan vaksinasi untuk segera melakukan imunisasi. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Begitu juga dengan cara
kelahiran bayi. Penelitian telah membuktikan bayi yang lahir melalui bedah
Caesar memiliki indikasi kekebalan tubuh yang lebih rendah daripada bayi yang
lahir secara normal. Meski begitu, jika kelahiran secara bedah Caesar tidak
dapat dihindarkan, kekebalan tubuh bayi dapat didongkrak dengan beberapa cara,
misalnya dengan memberikan probiotik. Probiotik sebagai bakteri hidup yang menguntungkan
berfungsi sebagai zat yang dapat membentuk sistem daya tahan tubuh bayi.
Probiotik salah satunya terdapat pada air susu ibu (ASI). </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengapa bayi yang lahir secara
normal memiliki kekebalan tubuh yang lebih baik daripada bayi yang lahir
melalui bedah Caesar? Pada persalinan normal, bayi akan mengalami kontak dengan
bakteri dari flora ibu, yakni dari feses atau jalan lahir (vagina) ibu. Bakteri
tersebut bersifat ‘baik’ dan dapat membantu mempercepat tumbuhnya mikroflora
usus pada bayi. Mikroflora ini merupakan salah satu komponen yang berfungsi
meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sementara itu bayi yang lahir
melalui bedah Caesar tidak memiliki kesempatan kontak dengan bakteri baik tadi.
Yang ada malah tingginya pertumbuhan bakteri merugikan seperti E. Coli dan
Clostridium. Kondisi ini mengakibatkan daya tahan tubuh bayi yang lahir secara
bedah Caesar tidak sebaik bayi yang dilahirkan secara normal sehingga mereka
lebih berisiko terhadap infeksi saluran pencernaan dan penyakit alergi. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Telah diketahui bahwa ASI
adalah yang terbaik bagi bayi. Sangat dianjurkan untuk memberikan ASI secara
eksklusif selama 6 bulan pertama. ASI terbukti memiliki bakteri menguntungkan
dan zat-zat yang dibutuhkan bayi untuk membentuk mikroflora usus yang penting
untuk sistem daya tahan tubuh bayi. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yang menjadi masalah adalah
bagaimana jika ASI tidak dapat diberikan karena berbagai alasan? Pada bayi yang
tidak mendapatkan ASI, ada dua hal yang bisa dilakukan. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara yang pertama adalah
memberikan makanan yang tinggi laktosa, rendah phosphat, dan rendah protein.
Ibu dapat bertanya ke dokter anak mengenai jenis diet ini. Diet ini akan
membentuk kondisi optimal yang memungkinkan bakteri baik dapat tumbuh secara alami.
</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara yang kedua adalah tentu
saja memberikan asupan nutrisi atau suplemen yang mengandung probiotik bagi
bayi. Probiotik dapat membantu pori-pori usus bayi menutup—karena bayi yang
lahir secara bedah Caesar memiliki pori-pori usus yang lebih besar, sehingga
bisa mencegah masuknya bakteri merugikan. Akibatnya, ketahanan tubuh bayi dapat
ditingkatkan. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Asupan probiotik dapat
mengurangi kejadian diare dan alergi pada bayi. Maka asupan nutrisi yang
mengandung probiotik sangat dianjurkan untuk bayi yang kurang beruntung tidak
dapat dilahirkan melalui persalinan normal dan tidak mendapat ASI, yang
akibatnya tidak memiliki kesempatan membentuk sistem kekebalan tubuh yang bisa
diperoleh akibat kontak dengan bakteri baik dari flora ibu. (niq) </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pedoman
Pengambilan Dan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengiriman
Spesimen</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Langkah – Langkah</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengambilan Spesimen</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengambilan spesimen dilakukan
oleh petugas laboratorium atau petugas lain yang terampil dan berpengalaman.
Sesuai dengan kondisi dan situasi setempat, spesimen dapat diambil oleh petugas
RS/laboratorium setempat, atau oleh petugas laboratorium Badan Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Kesehatan.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengambilan harus dilakukan
dengan memperhatikan universal precaution atau kewaspadaan dini untuk mencegah
terjadinya infeksi. Jenis spesimen yang diambil dapat berupa : usap
nasopharynx, usap oropharynx, bilasan broncheoalveolar, aspirat tracheal atau
pleural, darah (serum atau darah), urin, tinja, dan jaringan. Dianjurkan untuk
mengambil / mengirimkan lebih dari satu macam spesimen.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengiriman Spesimen</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk sementara ini,
pemeriksaan laboratorium masih akan dilakukan di CDC Atlanta, Amerika Serikat.
Pengiriman spesimen dilaksanakan secara kolektif oleh Badan Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Kesehatan, bekerja sama dengan US NAMRU-2, Jakarta. Untuk bulan
pertama, pengiriman akan dilakukan seminggu sekali atau seminggu dua kali.
Frekuensi pengiriman selanjutnya akan ditentukan kemudian, sesuai dengan
perkembangan epidemiologi SARS di Indonesia, perkembangan teknologi
laboratorium global, dan kebijakan Departemen Kesehatan RI.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spesimen dari daerah dibawa ke
atau dikirimkan ke Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan setiap kali ada
kasus Suspect atau probable SARS dengan alamat sebagai berikut:</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pusat Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Pemberantasan Penyakit</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Badan Penelitian dan
Pengembangan Kesehatan</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jl. Percetakan Negara no.29</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jakarta 10560</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Up. Drh. Gendro Wahyuhono,MTH.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tilpon: 021-426-1088 ext. 126
/ 021-425-9860</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fax: 021-424-5386</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e-mail:
gendro@litbang.depkes.go.id</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prosedur Cara Pengambilan
Spesimen Yang Berhubungan Dengan Kasus SARS</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Persiapan Petugas Pengambil
Spesimen</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Petugas pengambil spesimen
diharuskan memakai :</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Laboratorium jas (lengan
panjang)</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Sarung tangan (karet)</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Kaca mata plastik (goggle)</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Masker (N 95 untuk petugas
dan penderita atau masker bedah sebanyak 3 lapis)</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Tutup kepala (plastik)</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- Pakai sepatu boot
(disediakan oleh RS di ruang isolasi).</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Macam/ Jenis Spesimen</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cairan Tubuh Spesimen Dari Saluran Pernafasan</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spesimen Saluran Pernafasan Atas</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spesimen harus diambil segera
pada waktu pasien masih dalam keadaan sakit. Virus akan hilang dalam waktu 72
jam setelah gejala penyakit timbul, sedangkan kuman patogen lain akan dapat
diisolasi setelah lewat 72 jam.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tiga jenis spesimen dapat
diambil untuk isolasi bakteri atau virus dan pemeriksaan dengan PCR. Spesimen
tersebut meliputi :</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Usap nasopharynx</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bilasan nasopharynx </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bilasan nasopharynx merupakan
spesimen untuk mendeteksi virus saluran nafas, terutama pada anak-anak berumur
2 tahun atau kurang.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Usap uropharynx</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Usap Nasopharynx atau
Oropharynx</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gunakan swab yang terbuat dari
dacron/rayon steril dengan tangkai plastik. Jangan menggunakan kapas yang
mengandung kalsium alginat atau kapas dengan tangkai kayu, karena mungkin
mengandung substansi yang dapat menghambat pertumbuhan virus tertentu dan dapat
menghambat pemeriksaan PCR. Untuk usap nasopharynx: masukkan swab ke dalam
lubang hidung sejajar dengan rahang atas. Biarkan beberapa detik agar cairan
hidung terhisap. Lakukan usapan pada kedua lubang hidung. Untuk usap oropharynx:
lakukan usapan pada bagian belakang pharynx dan daerah tonsil, hindarkan
menyentuh bagian lidah. Kemudian masukkan swab sesegera mungkin ke dalam
cryotube (tabung tahan pendinginan) yang berisi 2 ml media transport virus
(Hanks BSS + antibiotik). Putuskan gagang plastik di daerah mulut botol/tabung
agar botol/tabung dapat ditutup dengan rapat. Bungkus tabung ini dengan tissue
bersih atau kertas koran yang telah diremas-remas agar menghindarkan terjadinya
beturan-benturan pada tabung saat pengiriman. Masukkan tabung ini kedalam kotak
pengiriman primer (bahan boleh dari pipa paralon atau sejenis tupper ware).</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spesimen Dari Saluran Pernafasan Bagian Bawah</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spesimen yang diambil dapat
berupa bilasan bronkhoalveolar, aspirasi trakheal, atau cairan pleural. Setelah
itu, separuh cairan disentrifugasi dan endapan selnya difiksasi dalam formalin.
Sisa cairan yang belum disentrifugasi ditampung dalam botol dengan tutup luar
yang bagian dalamnya mengandung ring untuk penahan. Semua spesimen ini masukkan
dalam kotak pengiriman spesimen primer seperti diatas.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komponen Darah</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Darah fase akut harus diambil
dan dikirim sesegera mungkin. Jika mungkin spesimen fase konvalesen (3-4 minggu
setelah pengambilan darah primer).</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara pengambilan sampel:</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diambil 5</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">/</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10 ml darah vena dalam tabung steril (5 ml dari anak-anak dan 10 ml dari
orang dewasa) secara lege artis (memperhatikan kewaspadaan universal secara
ketat).</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengambilan darah pakai jarum
suntik biasa.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Masukkan separuh dari darah
yang diperoleh kedalam tabung darah bertutup karet warna merah (tabung steril
vacum tanpa bahan pencegahan pembekuan darah) dan separuh lagi masukkan kedalam
tabung darah bertutup karet ungu (tabung steril vacuum berisi EDTA-bahan
pencegahan pembekuan darah).</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diamkan darah dalam waktu 1 jam
pada suhu kamar, agar darah dalam tabung merah membeku dengan baik.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemisahan darah bekuan dari
serum pada tabung merah dan darah dari plasma pada tabung ungu harus dilakukan
di Badan Litbangkes/Namru-2, Jakarta.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua tabung (tabung merah dan
tabung ungu) setelah dibungkus dengan kertas tissu atau kertas koran diremas di
masukkan ke dalam kotak pengiriman primer.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengambilan darah pakai jarum
vacutainer</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Darah ditampung lebih dahulu
pada tabung darah bertutup karet ungu sebanyak 2,5 ml dari anak-anak dan 5 ml
dari orang dewasa, lalu gantikan tabung ini dengan tabung darah bertutup karet
merah dan biarkan darah masuk sebesar 2,5 ml dari penderita anak-anak dan 5 ml
dari penderita orang dewasa.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Diamkan darah dalam waktu 1
jam pada suhu kamar, agar darah dalam tabung merah membeku dengan baik.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemisahan darah bekuan dari
serum pada tabung merah dan darah dari plasma pada tabung ungu harus dilakukan
di Badan Litbangkes/Namru-2, Jakarta.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Semua tabung (tabung merah dan
tabung ungu) setelah dibungkus dengan kertas tissu atau kertas koran diremas
dimasukkan ke dalam kotak pengiriman primer.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Urine</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Urine hanya diambil pada fase
akut. Untuk mendapatkan virus yang optimal, 50 ml urin disentrifugasi dengan
kecepatan 2500 rpm selama 30 menit. Sentrifugasi hanya dilakukan di Badan
Litbangkes/NAMRU-2, Jakarta. Spesimen disimpan dalam tabung poli propilen 50
ml. Tutup rapat-rapat dan lapis dengan para film. Masukkan dalam kotak
pengiriman primer setelah dilindungi dengan kertas tissu atau kertas koran yang
diremas.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tinja</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tinja sebanyak 10-50 gram
ditempatkan dalam konteiner tinja transparan. Ditutup rapat-rapat dan dilapisi
dengan parafilm. Kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam kotak pengriman primer. Spesimen
harus dikirim dalam keadaan dingin (4o C).</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spesimen Jaringan</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jaringan dapat diambil dari
semua organ tubuh (paru, trakhea, jantung, limpa, hati, otak, ginjal, kelenjar
adrenal). Jarinagn difiksasi dalam formalin/paraffin. Jaringan yang telah
difiksasi tidak dinyatakan sebagai biohazard. Jaringan disimpan dan dikirim
dalam suhu kamar. Diberi tulisan: *Do not freeze fixed tissues*.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jaringan segar beku dari paru
dan saluran nafas atas harus diambil secara aseptic secepat mungkin. Cara dan
waktu pengambilan akan berpengaruh terhadap kontaminasi.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gunakan instrumen steril
secara terpisah untuk setiap pengambilan di daerah tubuh tertentu. Letakkan
setiap spesimen dalam wadah yang terpisah yang berisi media transport virus
(Hanks BSS/PBS). Simpan dan kirim dalam keadaan beku.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara Pemberian Label</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setiap spesimen yang disimpan
dalam wadah khusus diberi label yang berisi informasi : nama pasien/ umur/
jenis kelamin/ tanggal pengambilan/ asal rumah sakit/ jenis spesimen</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(S=serum; NT=usap oro dan
nasopharynx; U=urin; D=darah;T=tinja).</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Label ditulis dengan pensil 2B
atau tinta yang tidak luntur.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengepakan dan Pengiriman
Spesimen</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cara pengepakan dan pengiriman
spesimen untuk keperluan diagnostik harus menuruti ketentuan WHO.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bungkus kotak pengiriman
primer dengan tissu atau kertas koran yang diremas, untuk mencegah benturan-benturan
pada spesimen waktu pengiriman. Masukkan dalam kotak pengiriman sekunder. Kotak
pengiriman sekunder dapat menampung lebih dari satu kotak pengiriman primer,
asal persyaratan suhu pengiriman sama. Bila pengiriman dalam suhu 4o C,
masukkan beberapa ice pack yang sudah dibekukan lebih dahulu. Sekali-kali
jangan mengirimnya dengan memasukkan dry ice (es kering) untuk mendinginkannya.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengepakan Primer (Kotak
Pengiriman Primer)</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wadah spesimen yang pertama
harus kedap air, jika tutupnya berulir harus dilapisi dengan parafilm atau
sejenisnya.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jika terdiri dari beberapa
wadah harus dibungkus secara terpisah untuk mencegah pecah akibat berhimpitan.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gunakan material pendukung di
sela-sela wadah yang mempunyai daya hisap untuk menghisap seluruh isi yang terdapat
dalam wadah pertama, apabila terjadi kebocoran atau pecah.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pada saat menentukan besarnya
volume spesimen yang dikirim sertakan besarnya volume media transport yang
digunakan.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam wadah yang pertama tidak
boleh berisi lebih dari 500 ml atau 500 gram bahan.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Seluruh isi dari wadah yang
pertama disebut sebagai spesimen diagnostik.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengepakan Sekunder (Kotak
Pengiriman Sekunder)</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengepakan sekunder harus
menuruti aturan pengepakan bahan infeksius.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengepakan sekunder harus
kedap air.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wadah bagian luar dilabel
dengan :</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- PEMERIKSAAN LABORATORIUM
KESEHATAN</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- JANGAN DIBALIK</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">- KEPADA:</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Puslitbang Pemberantasan
Penyakit,</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Badan Litbang Kesehatan.
Jl.Percetakan Negara 29.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jakarta Pusat. 10560</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Up. Drh Gendro Wahyuhono, MTH.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengamanan Petugas Kesehatan
dan Laboratorium yang Berhubungan dengan SARS</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">U</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ntuk
mencegah penularan mikroorganisme penyebab SARS kepada petugas kesehatan dan
petugas laboratorium yang menangani spesimen dari penderita SARS maka dilakukan
langkah-langkah sebabgi berikut :</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spesimen darah untuk pemeriksaan serologi rutin, kimia dan hematologi</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spesimen untuk keperluan ini
hendaknya ditangani dengan cara penanganan standard yang memenuhi aturan
kewaspadaan umum. Petugas laboratorium harus mengenakan perlengkapan pelindung
diri, termasuk sarung tangan karet sekali pakai (disposable), jas laboraorium,
kaca mata, masker untuk operasi dan/atau pelindung wajah untuk melindungi
selaput mukosa permukaan dari paparan spesimen. Sentrifugasi harus dilakukan
dengan memakai tabung sentrifus yang memiliki tutup atau memakai rotor yang
memiliki penutup. Pekerjaan memasang tabung dan membuka tabung sentrifus
dilakukan di dalam biosafety cabinet.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Spesimen untuk pemeriksaan mikrobiologi</span></i><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pekerjaan berikut dapat
dilakukan di ruangan dengan fasilitas Biosafety Level (BSL)-2 yang
disertifikasi dan menggunakan tatakerja BSL-2 (sesuai manual CDC/NIH Biosafety
untuk Laboratorium Mikrobiologi dan Biomedik): Pemeriksaan patologi dan
pengolahan jaringan/organ yang difiksasi formalin ataupun jaringan yang telah
diinaktifasi</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekstraksi asam nukleat untuk
keperluan analisis molekuler</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengolahan spesimen untuk
pemeriksaan mikroskop elektron</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemeriksaan rutin untuk
perbenihan bakteri dan jamur</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pewarnaan rutin untuk
pemeriksaan mikroskopis ataupun sediaan apus yang telah difiksasi</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengepakan akhir spesimen
untuk dikirim ke laboratorium lain guna pemeriksaan laboratorium yang lainnya.
Spesimen harus sudah disimpan dalam kontaimer primer yang telah di-sealed dan
telah disterilkan lebih dulu.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pekerjaaan yang meliputi
pengolahan spesimen dapat dilakukan di ruangan dengan fasilitas BSL-2, tapi
dengan tata kerja lebih ketat seperti pada BSL-3. Semua pengolahan spesimen
harus dilakukan di dalam biosafety cabinet. Petugas laboratorium mengenakan
perlengkapan pelindung diri, termasuk sarung tangan karet sekali pakai, baju
laboratorium lengan panjang, pelindung mata, dan pelindung pernapasan. Alat
pelindung pernapasan yang dianjurkan adalah NIOSH yang dilengkapi dengan filter
N-95 atau yang dengan pori lebih halus lagi, pelindung pernapasan yang
dilengkapi dengan udara bersih yang disaring dengan HEPA filter. Petugas yang
tidak dapat mengenakan respirator karena gangguan rambut di wajah ataupun
gangguan lainnya, diharuskan memakai helm respirator. Sentrifugasi harus
menggunakan tabung sentrifus tertutup atau memakai rotor yang dipasang ataupun
dibuka di dalam biosafety cabinet.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pekerjaan-pekerjaan itu
mencakup:</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(a) Membagi atau mengencerkan
spesimen.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(b) Inokulasi bakteri atau
jamur pada media kultur.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(c) Melakukan diagnosis selain
membiakkan virus baik secara in vitro ataupun in vivi.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(d) Ekstraksi asam nukleat
dari spesimen yang belum diolah.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(e) Pembuatan sediaan apus
pemeriksaan mikroskopis, baik dengan fiksasi kimia ataupun pemanas.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pekerjaan berikut memerlukan
ruangan dengan fasilitas BSL-3 dan tata kerja BSL-3 :</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(a) Pembiakan virus pada
sel/biakan sel.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(b) Identifikasi awal isolat
yang berasal dari kultur spesimen SARS</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pekerjaan berikut memerlukan
fasilitas BSL-3 hewan dan tata kerja BSL-3 hewan:</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(a) Inokulasi hewan percobaan
untuk membiakkan mikroorganisme yang berasal dari spesimen SARS.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(b) Tatakerja yang mencakup
inokulasi hewan percobaan untuk karakterisasi mikroorganisme SARS.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kesimpulan</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berdasarkan pembahasan di
atas, maka dapat diambil beberapa kesimpulan, antara lain: </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Cakupan
mikrobiologi dalam kehidupan sangatlah luas, dikarenakan hampir semua sektor
kehidupan melibatkan mikrobia di dalamnya, misalnya sektor pertanian, medis,
industri, biokimia dan banyak lagi yang lainnya.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mikrobiologi
merupakan cabang dari biologi, mikrobiologi terbagi menjadi beberapa cabang
lagi, berdasarkan konsentrasi pokok bahasannya. Pembagian mikrobiologi ini
didasarkan pada orientasinya.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mikroorganisme
memiliki banyak peranan dalam kehidupan, baik peranan yang menguntungkan maupun
peranan yang merugikan. Salah satu peranannya yang merugikan adalah karena
beberapa jenis mikroorganisme dapat menyebabkan penyakit dan menimbulkan
pencemaran. Sedangkan peranan yang menguntungkan adalah peranannya dalam
meningkatkan kesuburan tanah melalui fiksasi nitrogen, bioremediasi, produksi
antibodi, dan lain-lain.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saran </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Saran yang dapat kami berikan
antara lain:</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perlu perhatian yang lebih
lagi untuk pengembangan ilmu mikrobiologi, mengingat begitu sentral dan
pentingnya peranan mikroorganisme di dalam kehidupan. </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">)</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perlunya
penelitian-penelitian lebih lanjut tentang kehidupan mikroorganisme.</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://53437234.blogspot.com/2013/01/bab1-manfaat-mikrobiologi-kebidanan.html"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://53437234.blogspot.com/2013/01/bab1-manfaat-mikrobiologi-kebidanan.html</span></a><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Anonim a. 2006. Pengantar
Mikrobiologi, (Online), </span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" lang="EN-US" style="mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(http://www.wanna_share.23s9887_apm.html,
diakses tanggal 7 Februari 2008).</span><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<span face=""Arial","sans-serif"" style="font-size: 11pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span face=""Arial","sans-serif""> </span></p>
<p></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZCwlbfLEFnmyqIl_5iga9AO7LjVH8WxGN783GiLGdptuggOeLcz61XxxWDMbJDCYj6zTT42wLOVVtzyu_US6UFJ-GcftJHpLO5lgxHji_ujPiRW5inXo4NQAlhog2A-p9W3UotoCPPRY/s368/Mikrobiologi_dalam_Praktik_Kebidanan_depan2.jpg" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="368" data-original-width="316" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZCwlbfLEFnmyqIl_5iga9AO7LjVH8WxGN783GiLGdptuggOeLcz61XxxWDMbJDCYj6zTT42wLOVVtzyu_US6UFJ-GcftJHpLO5lgxHji_ujPiRW5inXo4NQAlhog2A-p9W3UotoCPPRY/s320/Mikrobiologi_dalam_Praktik_Kebidanan_depan2.jpg" /></a></div><br /><br />Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-64552571783523126402020-10-22T20:34:00.001-07:002020-10-22T20:34:19.062-07:00KONSEP STRESS<p> </p><p><!--[if !mso]>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB
I</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Latar Belakang</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stres adalah suatu keadaan yang muncul akibat ketidaksesuaian
antara tuntutan-tuntutan yang diterima dan kemampuan untuk mengatasinya. Daya
tahan stres setiap orang dapat berbeda tergantung pada keadaan somato
psikososial (Fitri dkk, 2012). Stres merupakan pengalaman yang subjektif,
sehingga setiap individu dapat memiliki respon yang berbeda-beda terhadap
stres. Stres dapat berdampak secara fisik Maupun psikologis. Stres yang dialami
oleh individu biasanya disertai dengan ketegangan emosi dan ketegangan fisik
yang menyebabkan ketidaknyamanan (Ekasari dan Suhertin, 2012).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut Maramis stres adalah segala masalah atau tuntutan
penyesuaian diri yang dapat menganggu keseimbangan. Jika seseorang tidak bisa
mengatasinya dengan baik maka akan muncul gangguan jasmani maupun rohani
(Maramis, 2005). Salah satu faktor yang mempengaruhi munculnya stres adalah
kepribadian. Kepribadian dapat diartikan sebagai keseluruhan pola pikiran,
perasaan dan perilaku yang sering digunakan untuk beradaptasi secara terus
menerus dalam kehidupan (Putra dan Luh, 2015).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kusmanto Setyonegoro mendifinisikan, kepribadian adalah
ekspresi yang keluar dari pengetahuan dan perasaan yang dialami secara
subjektif oleh seseorang. Definisi lain mengemukakan bahwa kepribadian adalah
pola perilaku yang khas pada seseorang yang dapat dijadikan sebagai tanda
pengenal dari pola perilakunya. Kepribadian meliputi segala corak perilaku
manusia yang terdapat pada dirinya sendiri yang digunakan untuk beraksi serta
menyesuaikan diri terhadap segala rangsang, baik yang datang dari lingkungan
maupun yang datang dari dirinya sendiri (Maramis, 2005).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut Jung kepribadian manusia dapat dibedakan menjadi dua,
yaitu kepribadian ekstrovert dan kepribadian introvert. Apabila orientasi
segala sesuatu ditentukan oleh faktor-faktor objektif, faktor-faktor luar, maka
orang yang demikian dikatakan memiliki orientasi yang ekstrovert. Sebaliknya
jika ada orang yang mempunyai tipe dan orientasi introvert, dimana dalam
menghadapi sesuatu, faktor-faktor yang berpengaruh adalah faktor subjektif
yaitu faktor-faktor yang berasal dari dunia batin sendiri.Orang dengan tipe
kepribadian ekstrovert adalah periang, sering berbicara, lebih terbuka dan
lebih dapat bersosialisasi. Sedangkan ciri-ciri orang dengan tipe kepribadian
introvert adalah memiliki sifat pemalu, tidak banyak bicara dan cenderung
berpusat pada diri mereka sendiri (Rahmat, 2014).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stres yang dialami pada masa dewasa awal karena pada masa ini
merupakan masa peralihan yang sulit dari remaja ke dewasa dalam melaksankan
pola hidup yang baru serta harus memikul tanggung jawab sesuai dengan tugas
perkembangan sebagai seorang dewasa. Pada masa dewasa awal melibatkan berbagai
peristiwa penting seperti lulus Sekolah Menengah Atas, mulai bekerja,
meninggalkan rumah, atau memasuki perguruan tinggi (Kaplan dan Sadock, 2010).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mahasiswa adalah seseorang yang belajar diperguruan tinggi
baik di universitas, institute, atau akademi. Semester pertama merupakan awal
kehidupan sebagai seorang mahasiswa, selain itu pada semester pertama biasanya
terjadi proses adaptasi baik lingkungan maupun proses belajar.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apa yang dimaksud dengan stres?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jelaskan aspek-aspek stres!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jelaskan faktor apa saja yang mempengaruhi
tingkat stres!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jelaskan strategi dalam menghadapi stres!</span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">A.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengertian Stres</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfHg0_EL5yAVHhtqd9-qfV2W9z020YXkqsIuNdZvHMDM4FHu7JEkDKaFtfT98NNyCBqcL6QDvArFf7SelkpcRWuuAU3gZ61hkdw7U8vtS9h4X1QiawGqpRDx7NJCH_WUpFeUJxGKT_768/s335/atasi-stresss_Copy.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="268" data-original-width="335" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgfHg0_EL5yAVHhtqd9-qfV2W9z020YXkqsIuNdZvHMDM4FHu7JEkDKaFtfT98NNyCBqcL6QDvArFf7SelkpcRWuuAU3gZ61hkdw7U8vtS9h4X1QiawGqpRDx7NJCH_WUpFeUJxGKT_768/s320/atasi-stresss_Copy.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ada beberapa istilah psikologis populer yang sering dikaburkan
sebagai “stres”. Pada hakikatnya, tentunya kata ini merujuk pada sebuah kondisi
seseorang yang mengalami tuntutan emosi berlebihan dan atau waktu yang
membuatnya sulit memfungsikan secara efektif semua wilayah kehidupan. Keadaan
ini dapat mengakibatkan munculnya cukup banyak gejala, seperti depresi,
kelelahan kronis, mudah marah, gelisah, impotensi, dan kualitas kerja yang
rendah (Richards, 2010).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hawari (dalam Yusuf, 2004) berpendapat bahwa istilah stres
tidak dapat dipisahkan dari distress dan depresi, karena satu sama lainnya
saling terkait. Stres merupakan reaksi fisik terhadap permasalahan kehidupan
yang dialaminya dan apabila fungsi organ tubuh sampai terganggu dinamakan
distress. Sedangkan depresi merupakan reaksi kejiwaan terhadap stressor yang
dialaminya. Dalam banyak hal manusia akan cukup cepat untuk pulih kembali dari
pengaruh-pengaruh pengalaman stres. Manusia mempunyai suplai yang baik dan
energi penyesuaian diri untuk dipakai dan diisi kembali bilamana perlu.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sarafino (1994) mendefinisikan stres adalah kondisi yang
disebabkan oleh interaksi antara individu dengan lingkungan, menimbulkan
persepsi jarak antara tuntutan-tuntutan yang berasal dari situasi yang bersumber
pada sistem biologis, psikologis dan sosial dari seseorang. Stres adalah
tekanan internal maupun eksternal serta kondisi bermasalah lainnya dalam
kehidupan (an internal and eksternal pressure and other troublesome condition
in life). Ardani (2007) mendefinisikan stress merupakan suatu keadaan tertekan
baik itu secara fisik maupun psikologis.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan uraian diatas dapat disimpulkan bahwa stres adalah
suatu peristiwa atau pengalaman yang negatif sebagai sesuatu yang mengancam,
ataupun membahayakan dan individu yang berasal dari situasi yang bersumber pada
sistem biologis, psikologis dan sosial dari seseorang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aspek-Aspek Stres</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada saat seseorang mengalami stres ada dua aspek utama dari
dampak yang ditimbulkan akibat stres yang terjadi, yaitu aspek fisik dan aspek
psikologis (Sarafino, 1998) yaitu :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aspek
fisik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdampak pada menurunnya kondisi seseorang pada saat stres
sehingga orang tersebut mengalami sakit pada organ tubuhnya, seperti sakit
kepala, gangguan pencernaan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aspek psikologis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terdiri dari gejala kognisi, gejala emosi, dan gejala tingkah
laku. Masing-masing gejala tersebut mempengaruhi kondisi psikologis seseorang
dan membuat kondisi psikologisnya menjadi negatif, seperti menurunnya daya
ingat, merasa sedih dan menunda pekerjaan. Hal ini dipengaruhi oleh berat atau
ringannya stres. Berat atau ringannya stres yang dialami seseorang dapat
dilihat dari dalam dan luar diri mereka yang menjalani kegiatan akademik di
kampus.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan teori yang diuraikan diatas maka dapat didimpulkan
aspek-aspek stres terdiri dari aspek fisik dan aspek psikologis, aspek-aspek
tersebut dijadikan sebagai indikator alat ukur skala sters akademik.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor-Faktor Stres</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setiap teori yang berbeda memiliki konsepsi atau sudut pandang
yang berbeda dalam melihat penyebab dari berbagai gangguan fisik yang berkaitan
dengan stres. Di bawah ini akan dijelaskan beberapa sudut pandang tersebut.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sudut pandang psikodinamik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sudut pandang psikodinamik mendasarkan diri mereka pada asumsi
bahwa gangguan tersebut muncul sebagai akibat dari emosi yang direpres. Hal-hal
yang direpres akan menentukan organ tubuh mana yang terkena penyakit. Sebagai
contoh, apabila seseorang merepres kemarahan, maka berdasarkan pandangan ini
kondisi tersebut dapat memunculkan essensial hypertension.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sudut pandang biologis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Salah satu sudut pandang biologis adalah somatic weakness
model. Model ini memiliki asumsi bahwa hubungan antara stres dan gangguan
psikofisiologis terkait dengan lemahnya organ tubuh individu. Faktor biologis
seperti misalnya genetik ataupun penyakit yang sebelumnya pernah diderita
membuat suatu organ tertentu menjadi lebih lemah daripada organ lainnya, hingga
akhirnya rentan dan mudah mengalami kerusakan ketika individu tersebut dalam
kondisi tertekan dan tidak fit .</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sudut pandang kognitif dan perilaku</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sudut pandang kognitif menekankan pada bagaimana individu
mempersepsi dan bereaksi terhadap ancaman dari luar. Seluruh persepsi individu
dapat menstimulasi aktivitas sistem simpatetik dan pengeluaran hormon stres.
Munculnya emosi yang negatif seperti perasaan cemas, kecewa dan sebagainya
dapat membuat sistem ini tidak berjalan dengan berjalan lancar dan pada suatu
titik tertentu akhirnya memunculkan penyakit. Berdasarkan penelitian diketahui
bahwa bagaimana seseorang mengatasi kemarahannya ternyata berhubungan dengan
penyakit tekanan darah tinggi (Fausiah dan Widury, 2005),</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stres bersumber dari frustasi dan konflik yang dialami
individu dapat berasal dari berbagai bidang kehidupan manusia. Dalam hal hambatan,
ada beberapa macam hambatan yang biasanya dihadapi oleh individu seperti :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hambatan fisik : kemiskinan, kekurangan
gizi, bencana alam dan sebagainya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hambatan sosial : kondisi perekonomian yang
tidak bagus, persaingan hidup yang keras, perubahan tidak pasti dalam berbagai
aspek kehidupan. Hal-hal tersebut mempersempit kesempatan individu untuk meraih
kehidupan yang layak sehingga menyebabkan timbulnya frustasi pada diri
seseorang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hambatan pribadi : keterbatasan-keterbatasan
pribadi individu dalam bentuk cacat fisik atau penampilan fisik yang kurang
menarik bisa menjadi pemicu frustasi dan stres pada individu.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Konflik antara dua atau lebih kebutuhan atau keinginan yang
ingin dicapai, yang ingin dicapai, yang terjadi secara berbenturan juga bisa
menjadi penyebab timbulnya stres. Seringkali individu mengalami dilema saat
diharuskan memilih diantara alternatif yang ada apalagi bila hal tersebut
menyangkut kehidupan di masa depan. Konflik bisa menjadi pemicu timbulnya
stress atau setidaknya membuat individu mengalami ketegangan yang
berkepanjangan yang akan mengalami kesulitan untuk mengatasinya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yusuf (2004) faktor pemicu stres itu dapat diklasifikasikan ke
dalam beberapa kelompok berikut :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stressor fisik-biologik, seperti : penyakit yang
sulit disembuhkan, cacat fisik atau kurang berfungsinya salah satu anggota
tubuh, wajah yang tidak cantik atau ganteng, dan postur tubuh yang dipersepsi
tidak ideal (seperti : terlalu kecil, kurus, pendek, atau gemuk).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stressor psikologik, seperti : negative
thinking atau berburuk sangka, frustrasi (kekecewaan karena gagal memperoleh
sesuatu yang diinginkan), hasud (iri hati atau dendam), sikap permusuhan,
perasaan cemburu, konflik pribadi, dan keinginan yang di luar kemampuan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stressor Sosial, seperti iklim kehidupan
keluarga : hubungan antar anggota keluarga yang tidak harmonis (broken home),
perceraian, suami atau istri selingkuh, suami atau istri meninggal, anak yang
nakal (suka melawan kepada orang tua, sering membolos dari sekolah, mengkonsumsi
minuman keras, dan menyalahgunakan obat-obatan terlarang) sikap dan perlakuan
orang tua yang keras, salah seorang anggota mengidap gangguan jiwa dan tingkat
ekonomi keluarga yang rendah, lalu ada faktor pekerjaan : kesulitan mencari
pekerjaan, pengangguran, kena PHK (Pemutusan Hubungan Kerja), perselisihan
dengan atasan, jenis pekerjaan yang tidak sesuai dengan minat dan kemampuan dan
penghasilan tidak sesuai dengan tuntutan kebutuhan sehari-hari, kemudian yang
terakhir ada iklim lingkungan : maraknya kriminalitas (pencurian, perampokan
dan pembunuhan), tawuran antar kelompok (pelajar, mahasiswa, atau warga
masyarakat), harga kebutuhan pokok yang mahal, kurang tersedia fasilitas air
bersih yang memadai, kemarau panjang, udara yang sangat panas atau dingin,
suara bising, polusi udara, lingkungan yang kotor (bau sampah dimana-mana),
atau kondisi perumahan yang buruk, kemacetan lalu lintas bertempat tinggal di
daerah banjir atau rentan longsor, dan kehidupan politik dan ekonomi yang tidak
stabil.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Ada dua macam stres
yang dihadapi oleh individu yaitu :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stres yang ego-envolved : stres yang tidak
sampai mengancam kebutuhan dasar atau dengan kata lain disebut dengan stres
kecil-kecilan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stres yang ego-involved : stres yang
mengancam kebutuhan dasar serta integritas kepribadian seseorang. Stres semacam
ego involved membutuhkan penanganan yang benar dan tepat dengan melakukan
reaksi penyesuaian agar tidak hancur karenanya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kemampuan individu dalam bertahan terhadap stres sehingga
tidak membuat kepribadiannya “berantakan” disebut dengan tingkat toleransi
terhadap stres. Setiap individu memiliki tingkat toleransi yang berbeda antara
satu individu dengan individu lainnya. Individu dengan kepribadian yang lemah
bila dihadapkan pada stres yang kecil-kecil sekalipun akan menimbulkan perilaku
abnormal. Berbeda dengan individu yang berkepribadian kuat, meskipun dihadapkan
pada stres yang ego envolved kemungkinan besar akan mampu mengatasi kondisinya
(Ardani, 2013).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut Greenwood III dan Greenwood Jr (dalam Yusuf, 2004)
faktor-faktor yang mengganggu kestabilan (stres) organisme berasal dari dalam
maupun luar. Faktor yang berasal dari dalam diri organisme adalah : </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor Biologis, stressor biologis meliputi
faktor-faktor genetik, pengalaman hidup, ritme biologis, tidur, makanan, postur
tubuh, kelelahan, penyakit.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor Psikologis, stressor psikologis
meliputi faktor persepsi, perasaan dan emosi, situasi, pengalaman hidup,
keputusan hidup, perilaku dan melarikan diri.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor Lingkungan (luar individu), stressor
lingkungan ini meliputi lingkungan fisik, biotik dan sosial.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan uraian diatas dapat disimpulkan faktor-faktor yang
dapat mempengaruhi stres seseorang dilihat dari tiga sudut pandang yaitu sudut
pandang psikodinamik, sudut pandang biologis dan sudut pandang kognitif dan
perilaku, kemudian ada faktor tambahan berupa hambatan-hambatan yang dialami
individu seperti hambatan fisik, sosial dan pribadi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut Lumongga (dalam Sukoco, 2014) jenis stres tersebut
dapat dibagi menjadi dua macam, yaitu : distress dan eustress. Distress
merupakan jenis stres negatif yang sifatnya mengganggu individu yang
mengalaminya, sedangkan eustress adalah jenis stres yang sifatnya positif atau
membangun. Individu yang mengalami stres memiliki beberapa gejala atau gambaran
yang dapat diamati secara subjektif maupun objektif. Hardjana ( dalam Sukoco,
2014) menjelaskan bahwa individu yang mengalami stres memiliki gejala sebagai
berikut :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gejala Fisikal, gejala stres yang berkaitan
dengan kondisi dan fungsi fisik atau tubuh dari seseorang. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gejala Emosional, gejala stres yang
berkaitan dengan keadaan psikis dan mental seseorang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gejala Intelektual, gejala stres yang
berkaitan dengan pola pikir seseorang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gejala Interpersonal, gejala stres yang
mempengaruhi hubungan dengan orang lain, baik di dalam maupun di luar rumah.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan uraian diatas dapat disimpulkan gejala-gejala
individu yang mengalami stres memiliki gejala fisikal, gejala emosional, gejala
intelektual dan gejala interpersonal yang dapat mempengaruhi seseorang. Stres
tersebut bisa di lihat dari dua sudut, yang pertama dari sudut biologis berupa
gejala fisik yang menyangkut organ tubuh manusia dengan proses stres itu
sendiri. Stres yang terjadi dipengaruhi oleh stressor kemudian di terima oleh
reseptor yang mengirim pesan ke otak. Stressor tersebut kemudian di terima oleh
otak khususnya otak bagian depan yang mengakibatkan bekerjanya kelenjar di
dalam organ tubuh dan otak. Organ tubuh dan otak saling bekerja sama untuk
menerjemahkan proses stres yang pada akhirnya akan mempengaruhi sistem fungsi
kerja tubuh bisa berupa sakit kepala, tidur tidak teratur, nafsu makan menurun,
mudah lelah atau kehilangan daya energi, otot dan urat tegang pada leher dan
bahu, sakit perut, telapak tangan berkeringat dan jantung berdebar. Kemudian
sudut yang kedua berupa gejala psikis yang menyangkut keadaan mental, emosi dan
pola pikir seseorang yang ditunjukkan dengan susah berkonsentrasi, daya ingat
menurun atau mudah lupa, produktivitas atau prestasi kerja menurun, sering
merasa jenuh, gelisah, cemas, frustrasi, mudah marah dan mudah tersinggung.
Jika kedua sudut tersebut digabungkan maka akan membentuk suatu keterkaitan
bahwa baik fisik maupun psikis saling mempengaruhi satu sama lain saat proses
stres terjadi. Keterkaitan stres yang di alami mahasiswa terkait dengan
akademiknya yaitu karena adanya tuntutan-tuntutan yang harus dipenuhi oleh
mahasiswa tersebut. Tuntutan itu bisa berupa tugas yang harus dikerjakan dan
dikumpulkan secara bersamaan, praktikum, pencarian referensi, kuliah tambahan,
pembuatan laporan yang sudah terjadwal atau deadline. Tuntutan tersebutlah yang
menciptakan sebuah stressor bagi mahasiswa dalam kegiatan akademiknya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tahapan Stres</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Martaniah dkk, 1991(dalam Rumiani, 2006 ) menyebutkan bahwa
stres terjadi melalui tahapan :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tahap 1 : stres pada tahap ini justru dapat
membuat seseorang lebih bersemangat, penglihatan lebih tajam, peningkatan
energi, rasa puas dan senang, muncul rasa gugup tapi mudah diatasi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tahap 2 : menunjukkan keletihan, otot
tegang, gangguan pencernaan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tahap 3 : menunjukkan gejala seperti tegang,
sulit tidur, badan terasa lesu dan lemas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tahap 4 dan 5 : pada tahap ini seseorang
akan tidak mampu menanggapi situasi dan konsentrasi menurun dan mengalami
insomnia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tahap 6 : gejala yang muncul detak jantung
meningkat, gemetar sehingga dapat pula mengakibatkan pingsan.Berdasarkan uraian
diatas dapat disimpulkan tahapan stres terbagi menjadi 6 tahapan yang tingkatan
gejalanya berbeda-beda di setiap tahapan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">D.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Strategi Menghadapi Stres</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Ardani<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(2013)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ada<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dua<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>strategi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bisa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk menghadapi stres, yaitu :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Strategi menghadapi stres dalam perilaku. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memecahkan persoalan secara tenang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yaitu mengevaluasi kekecewaan atau stres dengan cermat
kemudian menentukan langkah yang tepat untuk diambil, setelah itu mereka
mempersiapkan segala upaya dan daya serta menurunkan kemungkinan bahaya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agresi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stres sering berpuncak pada kemarahan atau agresi. Sebenarnya
agresi jarang terjadi namun apabila hal itu hanyalah berupa respon penyesuaian
diri. Contohnya adalah mencari kambing hitam, menyalahkan pihak lain dan
kemudian melampiaskan agresinya kepada sasaran itu.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Regresi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Yaitu kondisi ketika seseorang yang menghadapi stres kembali lagi
kepada perilaku yang mundur atau kembali ke masa yang lebih muda (memberikan
respons seperti orang dengan usia yang lebih muda).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menarik diri.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Merupakan respon yang paling umum dalam mengambil sikap. Bila
seseorang menarik diri maka dia memilih untuk tidak mengambil tindakan apapun.
Respon ini biasanya disertai dengan depresi dan sikap apatis.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengelak.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seorang yang mengalami stres terlalu lama, kuat dan terus
menerus maka ia akan cenderung mengelak. Contoh mengelak adalah mereka
melakukan perilaku tertentu secara berulang-ulang. Hal ini sebagai pengelakkan
diri dari masalah demi mengalahkan perhatian. Dalam usaha mengelakkan diri,
orang Amerika biasanya menggunakan alkohol, obat penenang, heroin dan
obat-obatan dari bahan kimia lainnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Strategi menghadapi stres secara kognitif </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Represi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adalah upaya untuk menyingkirkan frustasi, stres dan semua
yang menimbulkan kecemasan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menyangkal kenyataan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menyangkal kenyataan mengandung unsur penipuan diri. Bila
seseorang menyangkal kenyataan maka ia menganggap tidak adanya pengalaman yang
tidak menyenangkan dengan maksud untuk melindungi dirinya sendiri.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fantasi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dengan berfantasi orang sering merasa dirinya mencapai tujuan
dan dapat menghindarkan dari frustasi dan stres. Orang yang sering melamun
kadang-kadang menemukan bahwa kreasi lamunannya itu lebih menarik dari pada
kenyataan yang sesungguhnya. Bila fantasi dilakukan secara sedang-sedang dan
dalam pengendalian kesadaran yang baik, maka frustasi menjadi cara yang sehat
untuk mengatasi stres.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasionalisasi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasionalisasi ini dimaksudkan segala usaha seseorang untuk
mencari alasan yang dapat diterima secara sosial untuk membenarkan atau
menyembunyikan perilakunya yang buruk. Rasionalisasi juga bisa muncul ketika
seseorang menipu dirinya sendiri dengan pura-pura menganggapnya buruk adalah
baik atau sebaliknya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Intelektualisasi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seseorang yang menggunakan taktik ini maka yang menjadi
masalah akan dipelajari atau mencari tahu tujuan sebenarnya supaya tidak
terlalu terlibat dengan persoalan secara emosional. Dengan intelektualisasi
seseorang setidaknya dapat sedikit mengurangi hal-hal yang pengaruhnya tidak
menyenangkan bagi dirinya dan memberikan kesempatan pada dirinya untuk meninjau
permasalahan secara subjektif.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">6. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pembentukan reaksi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seseorang dikatakan berhasil menggunakan metode ini bila dia
berusaha menyembunyikan motif dan perasaan sesungguhnya baik represi atau
supresi dan menampilkan wajah yang berlawanan dengan kenyataan yang dihadapi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">7. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proyeksi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seseorang yang menggunakan teknik ini biasanya sangat cepat
dalam memperlihatkan ciri pribadi orang lain yang tidak ia sukai dengan sesuatu
yang dia perhatikan itu akan diperbesar-perbesarnya lagi. Teknik ini mungkin
dapat digunakan untuk mengurangi kecemasan karena dia harus menghadapi
kenyataan akan keburukan dirinya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berdasarkan uraian diatas dapat disimpulkan ada dua strategi
menghadapi stres, yaitu strategi menghadapi stres dalam perilaku yang terdiri
dari memecahkan persoalan secara tenang, agresi, regresi, menarik diri dan
mengelak. Sedangkan strategi yang kedua adalah strategi menghadapi stres secara
kognitifyang terdiri dari represi, menyangkal kenyataan, fantasi,
rasionalisasi, intelektualisasi, pembentukan reaksi dan proyeksi.</span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Stress merupakan bagian dari kehidupan yang
dialami setiap orang setiap hari. Stress tidak dapat dihilangkan tetapi perlu
dipelajari cara-cara penanganannya. Keberhasilan menyelesaikan berbagai stress
merupakan modal kemampuan untuk menghadapi stress yang akan datang. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stress
yang dialami seseorang tidak mungkin secara langsung, beberapa tahap akan
muncul dalam diri seesorang tersebut, apabila stress tidak dapat ditanggulangi
maka akan berdampak lebih lanjut. Oleh sebab itu, terapkanlah sebuah manajemen
agar keadaan seseorang tersebut masih bisa terkontrol. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Saran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagi
Mahasiswa</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mahasiswa
diharapkan agar dapat mengerti tentang konsep stress dan penanganannya. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 7.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagi Tenaga
Kesehatan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 49.65pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Diharapakan
mampu dan mengerti tentang konsep stress dan penanganannya serta dapat
memberikan pelayanan yang terbaik bagi klien serta mampu memberikan asuhan
secara komprehensif bagi klien.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SOAL</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Apa
yang dimaksud dengan stres?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sebutkan
aspek stres!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sebutkan
faktor pencetus stres!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jelaskan
faktor yang memicu stres!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sebutkan
strategi dalam menghadapi stres!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">JAWABAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stres adalah suatu peristiwa atau pengalaman
yang negatif sebagai sesuatu yang mengancam, ataupun membahayakan dan individu
yang berasal dari situasi yang bersumber pada sistem biologis, psikologis dan
sosial dari seseorang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aspek fisik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aspek psikologis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sudut
pandang psikodinamik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sudut pandang
biologis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sudut pandang
kognitif dan perilaku</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor pemicu stres itu dapat
diklasifikasikan sebagai berikut :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stressor fisik-biologik, seperti : penyakit
yang sulit disembuhkan, cacat fisik atau kurang berfungsinya salah satu anggota
tubuh, wajah yang tidak cantik atau ganteng, dan postur tubuh yang dipersepsi
tidak ideal </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stressor psikologik, seperti : negative
thinking atau berburuk sangka, frustrasi, hasud, sikap permusuhan, perasaan
cemburu, konflik pribadi, dan keinginan yang di luar kemampuan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stressor Sosial, seperti iklim kehidupan
keluarga : hubungan antar anggota keluarga yang tidak harmonis (broken home),
perceraian, suami atau istri selingkuh, suami atau istri meninggal.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">5.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memecahkan
persoalan secara tenang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agresi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Regresi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menarik diri.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>5. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengelak.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><a href="http://eprints.ums.ac.id/42833/5/BAB%20I.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://eprints.ums.ac.id/42833/5/BAB%20I.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><a href="http://eprints.ums.ac.id/37501/6/BAB%20II.pdf"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://eprints.ums.ac.id/37501/6/BAB%20II.pdf</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><a href="http://tugaskebidanand3.blogspot.com/2016/06/makalah-konsep-stress-dan-adaptasi.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://tugaskebidanand3.blogspot.com/2016/06/makalah-konsep-stress-dan-adaptasi.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><a href="https://fineartamerica.com/featured/gate-control-theory-of-pain-artwork-peter-gardiner.html?product=poster"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">https://fineartamerica.com/featured/gate-control-theory-of-pain-artwork-peter-gardiner.html?product=poster</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p></p>Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-28481728072400932692020-10-22T20:31:00.004-07:002020-10-22T20:31:51.827-07:00SISTEM HUKUM INDONESIA DAN BADAN HUKUM<p> </p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB I</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Latar Belakang</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Seiring perkembangan zaman permasalahan
di bidang hukumpun semakin hari semakin rumit dan kompleks. Hukum merupakan
suatu pedoman yang mengatur pola hidup manusia yang memiliki peranan penting
dalam mencapai tujuan ketentraman hidup bagi masyarakat. Oleh karena itulah,
hukum mengenal adanya adagium ibi societes ibi ius. Adagium ini muncul karena
hukum ada karena adanya masyarakat dan hubungan antar individu dalam
bermasyarakat. Hubungan antar individu dalam bermasyarakat merupakan suatu hal
yang hakiki sesuai kodrat manusia yang tidak dapat hidup sendiri karena manusia
adalah makhluk polis, makhluk yang bermasyarakat (zoon politicon).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Semua hubungan tersebut diatur oleh
hukum, semuanya adalah hubungan hukum. Maka untuk itulah dalam mengatur
hubungan-hubungan hukum pada masyarakat diadakan suatu kodifikasi hukum yang
mempunyai tujuan luhur yaitu menciptakan kepastian hukum dan mempertahankan
nilai keadilan dari subtansi hukum tersebut. Sekalipun telah terkodifikasi,
hukum tidaklah dapat statis karena hukum harus terus menyesuaikan diri dengan
masyarakat, apalagi yang berkaitan dengan hukum publik karena bersentuhan
langsung dengan hajat hidup orang banyak dan berlaku secara umum.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Dalam pergaulan hukum
ditengah-tengah masyarakat, ternyata manusia bukan satu-satunya subyek hukum (pendukung
hak dan kewajiban), tetapi masih ada subyek hukum lain yang sering disebut
“Badan Hukum” (rechtspersoon).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Badan hukum inipun dapat mempunyai
hak-hak dan kewajiban-kewajiban, serta dapat pula mengadakan hubungan-hubungan
hukum (rechtsbetrekking/ rechtsverhouding) baik antara badan hukum yang satu
dengan badan hukum yang lain maupun antara badan hukum dengan orang manusia
(natuurlijkpersoon). Karena itu badan hukum dapat mengadakan
perjanjian-perjanjian jual-beli, tukar-menukar, sewa-menyewa dan segala macam
perbuatan dilapangan harta kekayaan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rumusan Masalah</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Jelaskan pengertian
sistem hukum, ciri-ciri dan unsur- unsur sistem hukum di Indonesia serta tata hukum
yang ada di Indonesia!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jelaskan tentang teori badan
hukum dan pembagiannya!</span></p>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzIud_TiHAtJNh-AoIURfWecEZXQ41Ka1yMDvgBxt6BQnxpkOGcTh5BkfOoF8eV25kM9qFCku3bC0_jGXlOnmL_IH9jfGAt0MJ-TM0E6UxsJeElP7Vg2CCxvwDn7b6JRXwY32iLIygnvc/s1024/77429-FILEminimizer.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="819" data-original-width="1024" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjzIud_TiHAtJNh-AoIURfWecEZXQ41Ka1yMDvgBxt6BQnxpkOGcTh5BkfOoF8eV25kM9qFCku3bC0_jGXlOnmL_IH9jfGAt0MJ-TM0E6UxsJeElP7Vg2CCxvwDn7b6JRXwY32iLIygnvc/s320/77429-FILEminimizer.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A.
Sistem Hukum</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengertian Sistem Hukum</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Sistem</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sistem adalah suatu kesatuan susunan,
dimana masing – masing unsur yang ada di dalamnya tidak diperhatikan
hakikatnya, tetapi dilihat menurut fungsinya terhadap keseluruhan kesamaan
susunan tersebut.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Hukum</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hukum sulit didefinisikan karena kompleks
dan beragamnya sudut pandang yang akan dikaji. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Prof. Van Apeldoorn</span> mengatakan bahwa <i>”</i>definisi
hukum sangat sulit dibuat karena tidak mungkin untuk mengadakannya yang sesuai
dengan kenyataan<i>”.</i> Karena itu, sebaiknya kita lihat dulu pengertian
hukum menurut para ahli hukum terkemuka berikut ini :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> Prof. Mr. E.M. Meyers</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hukum adalah semua aturan yang mengandung
pertimbangan kesusilaan, ditujukan kepada tingkah laku manusia dalam
masyarakat, dan menjadi pedoman bagi penguasa negara dalam melaksanakan
tugasnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Leon Duguit</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hukum adalah aturan tingkah laku anggota
masyarakat, aturan yang daya penggunaannya pada saat tertentu diindahkan oleh
suatu masyarakat sebagai jaminan dari kepentingan bersama dan yang pelanggaran
terhadapnya akan menimbulkan reaksi bersama terhadap pelakunya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Drs. E. Utrecht, S.H</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hukum adalah himpunan peratuan ( perintah
dan larangan ) yang mengurus tata tertib suatu masyarakat dan karena itu harus
ditaati oleh masyarakat itu.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. S<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">.M. Amin, S.H</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hukum merupakan kumpulan peraturan yang
terdiri dari norma dan sanksi, dengan tujuan mewujudkan ketertiban dalam
pergaulan manusia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jadi, sistem
hukum adalah suatu kesatuan hukum dari unsur hukum yang saling berhubungan dan
bekerjasama sebagai suatu kesatuan untuk mencapai tujuan tertentu.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Ciri-Ciri Sistem Hukum Indonesia</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1. Ada
unsur perintah , larangan, dan kebolehan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2. Ada
sanksi yang tegas</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3. Adanya
perintah dan larangan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>4. Perintah
dan larangan harus ditaati</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan </span><a href="http://belajarhukumindonesia.blogspot.com/2010/02/unsur-unsur-dan-ciri-ciri-hukum.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Ciri-ciri hukum</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> antara
lain :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.
Terdapat perintah ataupun larangan dan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.
Perintah atau larangan tersebut harus dipatuhi oleh setiap orang</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tiap-tiap
orang harus bertindak demikian untuk menjaga ketertiban dalam bermasyarakat.
Oleh karena itu, hukum meliputi berbagai peraturan yang menentukan dan mengatur
hubungan antara orang yang satu dengan orang yang lain yang dapat disebut
juga </span><a href="http://belajarhukumindonesia.blogspot.com/2010/02/kaedah-hukum-dan-kaedah-lainnya.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">kaedah hukum</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yakni
peraturan-peraturan kemasyarakatan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Unsur-Unsur Sistem Hukum Indonesia</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Unsur-unsur
hukum yang dimaksudkan adalah bahwa peraturan-peraturan hukum itu meliputi:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Peraturan yang mengatur tingkah laku
manusia dalam pergaulan hidup bermasyarakat;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Peraturan yang ditetapkan oleh badan-badan resmi
negara;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Peraturan yang bersifat memaksa;</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peraturan yang
memiliki sanksi yang tegas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><a href="http://belajarhukumindonesia.blogspot.com/2010/02/unsur-unsur-dan-ciri-ciri-hukum.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Unsur-unsur
hukum</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> meliputi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
Peraturan mengenai tingkah laku manusia dalam bermasyarakat</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peraturan
tersebut dibuat oleh badan yang berwenang</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peraturan
itu secara umum bersifat memaksa</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sanksi
dapat dikenakan bila melanggarnya sesuai dengan ketentuan atau perundang-undangan
yang berlaku.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Maksud dari uraian unsur-unsur hukum di
atas adalah bahwa hukum itu berisikan peraturan dalam kehidupan bermasyarakat,
hukum itu diadakan oleh badan yang berwenang yakni badan legislatif dengan
persetujuan badan eksekutif begitu pula sebaliknya, secara umum hukum itu
bersifat memaksa yakni hukum itu tegas bila dilanggar dapat dikenakan sanksi
ataupun hukum sesuai dengan ketentuan yang berlaku.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4)
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Tata Hukum Indonesia</span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada dasarnya tata hukum sama dengan
sistem hukum suatu cara atau sistem dan susunan yang membentuk keberlakukan
suatu hukum disuatu wilayah tertentu dan pada waktu tertentu. (Ridwan Halim)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tata hukum suatu negara (<i>ius
constitutum</i> = hukum positif) adalah tata hukum yang diterapkan atau
disahkan oleh negara itu. Dalam kaitannya di Indonesia, yang ditata itu adalah
hukum positif yang berlaku di Indonesia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hukum yang sedang berlaku artinya apabila
ketentuan-ketentuan hukum itu dilanggar maka bagi si pelanggar akan dikenakan
sanksi yang datangnya dari badan atau lembaga berwenang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dengan demikian dapat disimpulkan tata
hukum Indonesia adalah hukum (peraturan-peraturan hukum) yang sekarang berlaku
di Indonesia (Prof. Soediman Kartihadiprojo, SH). Dengan kata lain Tata Hukum
Indonesia itu menata, menyusun, mengatur tertib kehidupan masyarakat Indonesia.
Tata Hukum Indonesia diterapkan oleh masyarakat hukum Indonesia (Negara
Republik Indonesia).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.
Tata Urutan Perundang – undangan Negara Republik Indonesia</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tata Urutan Perundang – undangan
Negara republic Indonesia diatur dalam ketetapan MPR No.III/MPR/2000 tentang
Sumber Hukum dan Tata Urutan Peraturan Perundang – Undangan yang meliputi :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. UUD 45</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Tap. MPR RI</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Undang – undang</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Peraturan Pemerintah Pengganti Undang –
undang</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. Peraturan Pemerintah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f. Keputusan Presiden</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g. Peraturan Daerah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.
<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pengertian Sistim Hukum Nasional</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistim hukum
nasional adalah keseluruhan unsur – unsur hukum nasional yang saling berkait
guna mencapai tatanan sosial yang berkeadilan. Adapun sistim hukum meliputi dua
bagian yaitu :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.
Struktur Kelembagaan Hukum</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistim
beserta mekanisme kelembagaan yang menopang Pembentukan dan Penyelenggaraan
hukum di Indonesia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sistim
Kelembagaan Hukum meliputi :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) Lembaga – lembaga peradilan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) Aparatur penyelenggaraan Hukum</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) Mekanisme penyelenggaraan hukum</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4) Pengawasan pelaksanaan hukum</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.
Materi Hukum yaitu Kaidah – kaidah yang dituangkan dan dibakukan
dalam persatuan hukum baik yang tertulis ataupun yang tidak tertulis.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.
Budaya Hukum yaitu: Pembahasan mengenai budaya hukum meniti beratkan pada
pembahasan mengenai kesadaran hukum masyarakat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Badan Hukum</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Teori
Badan Hukum</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Teori
Fictie dari Von Savigny</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut
teori ini bada hukum itu semata-mata buatan negara saja. Badan Hukum itu
hanyalah fiksi, yakni sesuatu yang sesungguhnya tidak ada, tetapi orang
menghidupkannya dalam sebagi subyek hukum yang dapat melakukan perbuatan hukum
seperti manusia. Teori ini diikuti juga oleh Houwing.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Teori
Harta Kekayaan Bertujuan (Doel vermogents theori)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut
teori ini hanya manusia saja yang menjadi subyek hukum. Namun, ada kekayaan
(vermogants) yang bukan merupakan kekayaan seseorang, tetapi kekayaan itu
terikat tujuan tertentu. Kekayaan yang tidak ada yang mempunyainya dan yang
terikat kepada tujuan tertentu inilah yang diberi nama badan hukum. Teori ini
diajarkan oleh A.Brinz, dan diikuti oleh Van der heyden.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Teori
Organ dari Otto van Gierke</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Badan
hukum menurut teori ini bukan abstrak (fiksi) dan bukan kekayaan (hak) yang
tidak bersubyek, tetapi badan hukum adalah suatu organisme yang riil, yang
menjelma sungguh-sungguh dakam pergailan hukum, yang dapat membentuk kemauan
sendiri dengan perantaraan alat-alat yang ada padanya (pengurus,
anggota-anggotanya) seperti manusia biasa, yang mempunyai pancaindra dan
sebagainya. Pengikut teori organ ini antara lain Mr.L.C.Polano.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Teori
Propriete Collective</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Teori
ini diajarkan oleh Planoil dan Molengraff. Menurut teori ini hak dan kewajiban
badan hukum pada hakikatnya adalah hak dan kewjiban para anggota bersama-sama.
Kekayaan badan hukum adalah kepunyaan bersama semua anggotanya. Orang-orang
yang berhimpun tersebut merupakan suatu kesatuan dan membentuk suatu pribadi
yang dinamakan badan hukum. Oleh karena itu, badan hukum adalah suatu
konstruksi yuridis saja.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Teori
Kenyataan dan Yuridis (Juridische Realiteisler)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dikatakan
bahwa badan hukum itu merupakan suatu realiteit, konkrit, riil walaupun tidak
bisa diraba, bukan hayal, tetapi kenyataan yuridis. Teori ini dikemukakan oleh
Mejers ini menekan bahwa hendaknya dalam mempersamakan badan hukum dengan
manusia terbatas sampai pada bidang hukum saja.</span></p>
<h3 style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pembagian Badan-badan hukum</span></h3>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut pasal 1653 BW badan hukum
dapat dibagi atas 3 macam yaitu:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Badan hukum yang diadakan oleh pemerintah/ kekuasaan
umum, misalnya Daerah Tingkat 1, daerah Tingkat II/Kotamadya, Bank-bank yang
didirikan oleh Negara</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Badan hukum yang diakui oleh pmerintah/kekuasaan umum,
misalnya perkumpulan-perkumpulan, gereja dan organisasi-organisasi agama.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Badan hukum yang didirikan untuk suatu maksud tertentu
yang tidak bertentangan dengan Undang-undang dan kesusilaan, seperti PT,
perkumpulan asuransi, perkapalan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kalau badan hukum itu dilihat dari
segi wujudnya maka dapat dibedakan atas 2 macam:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kooperasi (corporatie) adalah gabungan (kumpulan)
orang-orang yang dalam pergaulan hukum bertindak bersama-sama sebagai suatu
subyek hukum tersendiri. Karena itu koorporasi ini merupakan badan hukum yang
beranggota, akan tetapi mempunysi hak-hak dan kewajiban-kewajiban sendiri
terpisah dengan hak-hak dan kewajiban-kewajiban anggotanya. Misalnya: PT (NV),
perkumpulan, koperasi, Indonesische maatschappij opaandelen (IMA) dan
sebagainya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">·<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Yayasan (stichting) adalah harta kekayaan yang
tersendirikan untuk tujuan tertentu. Jadi pada yayasan tidak ada anggota, yamg
ada hanyalah pengurusnya.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A. Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sistem
hukum di Indonesia banyak dipengaruhi oleh sistem hukum Eropa Kontinental
(civil law). Pengaruh bukan berarti identik. Sistem hukum Indonesia juga tidak
sama dengan sistem hukum Anglo-America. Sebelum kemerdekaan, hanya
Inggris, sang Penjajah, yang mencoba menerapkan beberapa konsep peradilan
ala Anglo Saxon seperti Sistem Jury dan konsep peradilan
pidana. Namun, sejak akhir 70-an, konsep hukum yang biasa digunankan di sistem
Anglo America banyak diadopsi dalam sistem hukum Indonesia. Tidak hanya
konsep-konsep hukum pidana. Konsep perdata dan hukum ekonomi banyak mengacu
pada perkembangan hukum di Indonesia. Ada yang bilang sistem hukum di Indonesia
adalah sistem hukum Indonesia itu sendiri. Sebuah sistem yang dibangun dari
proses penemuan, pengembangan, adaptasi, bahkan kompromi dari beberapa sistem
yang telah ada.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meskipun
teori-teori tentang badan hukum tersebut berbeda-beda dalam memahami hakikat
badan hukum, namun teori-teori itu sependapay bahwa badan-badan hukum dapat
ikut berkecimpung dalam pergaulan hukum dimasyarakat, meskipun dengan beberapa
pengecualian.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B. Saran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Berikut
saran yang saya berikan dalam upaya mengembalikan citra penegakan
hukum dimata masyarakat yaitu dengan melakukan pembenahan dan penataan
terhadap sistem hukum yang ada dengan cara:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.
Struktur, terkait dengan struktur hukum maka perlu dilakukan penataan terhadap
institusi hukum yang ada seperti lembaga peradilan, kejaksaan, kepolisian,
dan organisasi advokat. Selain itu perlu juga dilakukan penataan terhadap
institusi yang berfungsi melakukan pengawasan terhadap lembaga hukum. Dan
hal lain yang sangat penting untuk segera dibenahi terkait dengan struktur
sistem hukum di Indonesia adalah birokrasi dan administrasi lembaga
penegak hukum</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.
Substansi, dalam hal substansi sistem hukum perlu segera direvisi berbagai
perangkat peraturan perundang – undangan yang menunjang proses penegakan
hukum di Indonesia. Misalnya, peraturan perundang – undangan dalam sistem
peradilan pidana di Indonesia seperti KUHP (Kitab Undang – Undang Hukum
Pidana) dan KUHAP (Kitab Undang – Undang Hukum Acara Pidana) proses revisi
yang sedang berjalan saat ini harus segera diselesaikan. Hal ini
dikarenakan kedua instrumen hukum tersebut sudah tidak relevan dengan
kondisi masyarakat saat ini.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.
Legal culture, untuk budaya hukum perlu dikembangkan perilaku taat dan patuh
terhadap hukum yang dimulai dari atas. Artinya apabila para pemimpin dan
aparat penegak hukum berperilaku taat dan patuh terhadap hukum, dengan hal
tersebut maka akan menjadi teladan bagi rakyat.</span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FCFCFC; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FCFCFC; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ali, Achmad
(1999). <i>Pengadilan Dan Masyarakat. </i>Ujung Pandang: Hasanudin
University Press.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FCFCFC; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Doyle, Paul
Johnson (1986). <i>Teori Sosiologi Klasik Dan Modern. </i>Alih bahasa
oleh Robert M.Z. Jakarta: Gramedia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FCFCFC; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lemek,
Jeremias (2007). <i>Mencari Keadilan: Pandangan Kritis Terhadap Penegakan
Hukum DiIndonesia. </i>Jakarta: Galang Press.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FCFCFC; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rahardjo,
Satjipto (2003). <i>Sisi – Sisi Lain Dari Hukum Di Indonesia. </i>Medan:
Penerbit Buku Kompas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FCFCFC; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Soemardi,
Dedi (1997). <i>Pengantar Hukum Indonesia. </i>Jakarta: IndHillCo.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: #FCFCFC; line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Syamsudin,
Amir (2008). <i>Integritas Penegak Hukum: Hakim, Jaksa, Polisi, Dan
Pengacara. </i>Jakarta: Penerbit Buku Kompas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://just-alfin.blogspot.com/2012/03/peranan-lembaga-lembaga-peradilan.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://just-alfin.blogspot.com/2012/03/peranan-lembaga-lembaga-peradilan.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://sistempemerintahan-indonesia.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/sistem-hukum-indonesia.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://sistempemerintahan-indonesia.blogspot.co.id/2013/05/sistem-hukum-indonesia.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://www.pn-yogyakota.go.id/pnyk/pengertian-peradilan.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">http://www.pn-yogyakota.go.id/pnyk/pengertian-peradilan.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://blostunian24.wordpress.com/2015/06/22/sistem-hukum-yang-dianut-di-indonesia/"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">https://blostunian24.wordpress.com/2015/06/22/sistem-hukum-yang-dianut-di-indonesia/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://tegartia.wordpress.com/2009/12/14/sistem-hukum-indonesia/"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">https://tegartia.wordpress.com/2009/12/14/sistem-hukum-indonesia/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.dosenpendidikan.co.id/badan-hukum/"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">https://www.dosenpendidikan.co.id/badan-hukum/</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://aina1327.blogspot.com/2019/02/makalah-sistem-hukum-di-indonesia.html"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">https://aina1327.blogspot.com/2019/02/makalah-sistem-hukum-di-indonesia.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p></p>Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-6444667747314518382020-10-22T20:28:00.001-07:002020-10-22T20:28:29.704-07:00KEBUTUHAN DASAR MANUSIA<p> </p><p><!--[if !mso]>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";">KEBUTUHAN
DASAR MANUSIA</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"> </span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: 21.35pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnnsLjSJGEQ_OHou7HwEF7jYFNh46o7vNl1BVzYMV2DMb1He8pph3d2xsaHFkkUxvHjGm-hGC4AoGDLUoHbbj2Gd0dZimE8crWur9Ntams0-SPM-12fK5FAvDXVMUWFGmtplY585Ks0BA/s897/aktualisasi.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="558" data-original-width="897" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhnnsLjSJGEQ_OHou7HwEF7jYFNh46o7vNl1BVzYMV2DMb1He8pph3d2xsaHFkkUxvHjGm-hGC4AoGDLUoHbbj2Gd0dZimE8crWur9Ntams0-SPM-12fK5FAvDXVMUWFGmtplY585Ks0BA/s320/aktualisasi.png" width="320" /></a></div><br /><br /><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Kebutuhan Oksigenisasi</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Manusia merupakan makhluk yang unik
dengan beragam karakteristik dan memiliki kebutuhan - kebutuhan yang berperan
penting dalam kelangsungan hidupnya. Salah satu kebutuhan fisiologis dasar yang
sangat penting yaitu oksigen. Oksigen berperan penting dalam sistem pernapasan.
Pada system pernapasan terdapat berbagai macam penyakit. Hal ini berkaitan erat
dengan kebutuhan oksigenasi yang merupakan kebutuhan dasar yang paling vital
dalam tubuh manusia, karena berperang penting dalam proses metabolisme dalam
tubuh. Jika suplay oksigen berkurang dalam tubuh bisa mengakibatkan terjadinya
gangguan didalam tubuh yang bisa sangat berakibat fatal dengan berujung pada
kematian. (Wahid, 2008). Kebutuhan oksigenasi harus selalu terpenuhi karena
berhubungan erat dengan terjadinya kekambuhan penyakit asma. Oleh karena itu,
kekambuhan penyakit asma seharusnya dicegah dengan menghindari alergen yang
menyebabkan gejala asma muncul, tetapi apabila tidak dicegah kekambuhannya akan
mengakibatkan kematian.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -.05pt;"><a name="page1"></a><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">Jurnal
Media Keperawatan: Politeknik Kesehatan Makassar Vol. 10 No 01 2019</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -.05pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">e-issn
: <span style="background: white; color: #111111; mso-highlight: white;">2622-0148,
p-issn :</span> 2087-0035</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;"> </span></i></p>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">Kebutuhan Nutrisi</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kata Nutrisi berasal dari kata<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>“<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">nutrition”</i>
yang di Indonesia lebih dikenal dengan sebutan “gizi” yang memiliki makna
sebagai makanan yang menyehatkan. Nutrisi atau zat gizi terdapat dalam asupan
makanan yang dikonsumsi. Namun tidak semua makanan yang dikonsumsi mengandung
nutrisi yang dibutuhkan oleh tubuh untuk menunjang proses pertumbuhan dan
perkembangan. Banyak makanan yang beredar dilingkungan sekitar anak mengandung
zat yang tidak dibutuhkan oleh tubuh bahkan tergolong berbahaya, seperti halnya
makan yang mengandung pengawet, pewarna buatan, pemanis buatan, yang akan
memberikan dapat negative pada tubuh anak sehingga dapat menghambat proses
pertumbuhan dan perkembangan anak.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara umum dinegara berkembang ibu
memiliki peranan yang sangat penting dalam memilih dan menyiapkan sajian
makanan untuk dikonsumsi keluarganya. Sehingga pengetahuan ibu akan
mempengaruhi jenis pangan dan mutu gizi makan yang dikonsumsi keluarganya.
Keadaan kesehatan gizi anak sangat bergatung padan tingkat konsumsi. Tingkat
konsumsi dintentukan oleh kualitas dan kuantitas makanannya. Kualitas hidangan
makanan ditunjukkan oleh ada tidaknya kadungan zat gizi yang dibutuhkan oleh
tubuh dalam susunan hidangan. Sedangkan kuantitas menunjukkan jumlah setiap zat
gizi terhadap kebutuhan tubuh. Jika susunan hidangan makanan dapat memenuhi
kebutuhan tubuh, baik dari segi kualitan maupun kuantitas, maka tubuh berada
padan kondisi kesehatan yang baik. Pedoman Umum Gizi Seimbang (PUGS)
menganjurkan agar kebutuhan energy (karbohidrat) rata-rata sekitar 60-70 %,
protein 10-15 %, dan lemak 10-25 %. Sementara vitamin dan mineral yang harus
dipenuhi antara lain vitamin A, B,</span><span style="height: 2px; left: 0px; margin-left: -1px; margin-top: 51px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 194px; z-index: 251659262;"><img height="2" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png" width="194" /></span><a name="page4"></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>C, D, E, zat besi, seng, tembaga, mangan, dan
lain-lain. Menurut Santoso (2009) ada 5 fungsi zat gizi yaitu sebagai:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">a. Sumber energi dan tenaga, jika
fungsi ini terganggu orang akan menjadi kurang geraknya atau kurang giat dan
merasa cepat lelah.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Menyokong pertumbuhan badan,
yaitu penambahan sel baru pada sel yang sudah ada.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Memelihara jaringan tubuh,
mengganti yang rusak atau aus terpakai, yaitu mengganti sel yang nampak jelas
pada luka tubuh yaitu terjadinya jaringan penutup luka.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Mengatur metabolisme dan berbagi
keseimbangan dalam cairan tubuh (keseimbangan air, asam basa dan mineral).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e. Berperan dalam mekanisme
pertahanan tubuh terhadap berbagai penyakit sebagai anti oksidan dan antibodi
lainnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -.05pt; tab-stops: 9.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Depkes RI. 2005. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Pedoman Pelaksanaan Stimulasi, Deteksi dan
Intervensi Dini Tumbuh Kembang Anak Di</i> <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Tingkat
Pelayanan Kesehatan Dasar. </i>Hal : 4, 7, 11, 45<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>–<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>53.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -.05pt; tab-stops: 6.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Supariana, 2005. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Penilaian Status Gizi.</i> Jakarta: Penerbit
Buku Kedoteran h:23</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;">Istirahat
dan Seksualitas</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Tidur yang tidak adekuat dan
kualitas tidur buruk dapat mengakibatkan gangguan keseimbangan fisiologi dan
psikologi. Dampak fisiologi meliputi penurunan aktivitas sehari-hari, rasa
capai, lemah, proses penyembuhan lambat, daya tahan tubuh menurun dan ketidakstabilan
tanda-tanda vital. Sedangkan dampak psikologis meliputi depresi, cemas dan
tidak konsentrasi (Briones, 1996 <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">cit</i>
Bukit, 2003). Orang yang sedang sakit membutuhkan istirahat dan tidur lebih
banyak dari pada saat mereka normal karena tubuh sedang bekerja keras
menyediakan energi untuk pemulihan, namun banyak aspek penyakit juga membuat
sulit dalam memenuhi kebutuhan tidur dan istirahat. Seseorang yang sesak nafas
atau mengalami gangguan pernafasan sering mengalami kesulitan tidur. Pasien
yang mengalami nyeri sering terbangun karena nyeri tersebut (WHO, 1995).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: -.05pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Tidur sebagai kebutuhan dasar
manusia sangat dipengaruhi oleh berbagai macam faktor yang mempengaruhi
gangguan pemenuhan tidur pada seseorang. Potter dan Perry (2006), mengemukakan
faktor yang mempengaruhi tidur yaitu: faktor fisiologis, psikologis, lingkungan
dan gaya hidup. Pengidentifikasian dan penanganan gangguan pola tidur klien
adalah tujuan penting perawat untuk membantu klien mendapatkan kebutuhan
istirahat dan tidur, maka perawat harus memahami sifat alamiah dari tidur,
faktor yang mempengaruhi dan kebiasaan tidur klien. Menurut Potter dan Perry
(2006), tindakan pasca operatif dilakukan dalam dua tahap yaitu: periode
pemulihan segera dan pemulihan berkelanjutan setelah fase pasca operatif.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Jurnal
Ilmiah Kesehatan Keperawatan, Volume 5, No. 1, Februari 2009</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";">Personal Hygiene Dalam Praktek
Kebidanan</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 14.0pt; text-align: justify;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Personal hygiene </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">adalah cara perawatan diri manusia untuk memelihara<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>kesehatan mereka secara fisik dan
keadaan emosional. Pemeliharaan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">personal</i>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">hygiene </i>diperlukan untuk kenyamanan
individu, keamanan, dan kesehatan.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"> </i>Ketika
memberikan perawatan kebersihan diri pada pasien, perawat dapat mengkaji status
fisik dan emosional pasien, dan dapat mengimplementasi proses perawatan bagi
kesehatan total pasien (Potter, 2005).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 14.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sebagai tenaga kesehatan, perawat
memiliki sejumlah peran di dalam menjalankan tugasnya sesuai dengan hak dan
kewenangan yang ada (Asmadi,2008). Salah satu peran perawat adalah sebagai
pemberi asuhan keperawatan atau <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">care
provider</i>. Peran perawat sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">care
provider</i> harus dilaksanakan secara komprehensif atau menyeluruh, tidak
hanya berfokus pada tindakan promotif tetapi juga pada tindakan preventif
seperti pelaksanaan personal hygiene. Peran perawat sebagai <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">care provider</i> dalam pelaksanaan personal
hygiene ini akan lebih dominan apabila dilaksanakan pada pasien dengan
imobilisasi fisik.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 15.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Imobilisasi adalah keadaan dimana
pasien berbaring lama di tempat tidur, tidak dapat bergerak secara bebas karena
kondisi yang mengganggu pergerakan (aktifitas). Imobilisasi dapat disebabkan
oleh penyakit yang dideritanya, trauma, fraktur pada ekstremitas, atau
menderita kecacatan (Asmadi, 2008). Keadaan imobilisasi ini menyebabkan pasien
tidak dapat memenuhi kebutuhannya secara mandiri sehingga memerlukan bantuan
perawat maupun keluarga dalam pemenuhan kebutuhannya termasuk dalam pemenuhan
kebutuhan kebersihan diri.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JURNAL NURSING STUDIES, Volume 1, Nomor 1 Tahun 2012,
Halaman 169 </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">±</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> 174</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Bookman Old Style";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Candara;"> </span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Konsep
dasar Eliminasi </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pola eliminasi urine merupakan salah
satu perubahan fisik yang akan dialami oleh usia lanjut, salah satunya dalam
proses berkemih, seperti merasakan keluarnya urin dalam bentuk beberapa tetes
pada saat sedang batuk, jogging atau berlari. Bahkan ada juga yang mengalami
kesulitan menahan urin sehingga keluar sesaat sebelum berkemih. Semua gejala
ini disebut dengan inkontinensia urin. Fungsi kandung kemih normal memerlukan
aktivitas yang terintegrasi antara sistim saraf otonomi dan somatik. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">ensio</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">urine
merupakan suatu kedaruratan yang harus mendapatkan tindakan dan pertolongan
secara segera, karena retensi urin total yang berlangsung beberapa hari dapat
menyebabkan urosepsis yang berakhir dengan kematian. Tujuan dari jurnal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ini</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> adalah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">untuk
mengetahui perubahan eliminasi urine pada l</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> ansia. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hasil
analisis data menunjukkan bahwa sebanyak 30 (48,3%) lansia mengalami perubahan
eliminasi urine dan sisanya 13 lansia (20,9%) tidak mengalami perubahan
eliminasi urine</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">, sehingga
peran keluarga</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">sangat di perlukan. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keluarga agar dapat mengoptimalkan
dukungan dalam perawatan lansia dengan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">perubahan eliminasi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Jurnal
Media Keperawatan: Politeknik Kesehatan Makassar</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";">Vol.
10 No. 02 2019</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 13.0pt;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";">e-issn:
<u><span style="color: #00b0f0;">2622-0148</span></u> p-issn : <u><span style="color: #00b0f0;">2087-0035</span></u></span></i></p>
<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></u></i>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><u><span style="color: #00b0f0; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Arial Narrow";"><span style="text-decoration: none;"> </span></span></u></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 14.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tatalaksana Gangguan Eliminasi Pada Kehamilan</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 14.0pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 14.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kehamilan merupakan suatu peristiwa
alamiah yang akan dialami oleh setiap wanita. Seorang wanita atau ibu
dinyatakan hamil akan mengalami beberapa perubahan baik itu perubahan
fisiologis maupun psikologis. Beberapa perubahan fisiologis yang timbul selama
masa kehamilan dapat dikenal dengan tanda kehamilan. Perubahan fisiologis
tersebut meliputi perubahan pada sistem reproduksi dan payudara, dimana terdiri
dari perubahan pada uterus, ovarium, vagina dan vulva, serta payudara.
Perubahan yang terjadi pada sistem tubuh secara umum yaitu meliputi perubahan
sistem kerdiovaskular, perubahan sistem endokrin, perubahan sistem respiratori,
perubahan sistem gastrointestinal, perubahan sistem skeletal, serta perubahan
sistem urinaria (Siswodarmo, 2008). Perubahan sistem urinaria dan ginjal cukup
banyak terjadi pada ibu hamil, dimana kecepatan filtrasi dari glomerolus dan
aliran darah renal meningkat sampai 50% sebagai akibat dari kenaikan </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">cardiac
output</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Terjadi
pula sedikit hidronefrosis atau hidroureter, hal bisa dikarenakan menurunnya
tonus otot atau adanya tekanan dari uterus yang membesar pada kandung kemih.
Fungsi ginjal ini berubah akibat adanya hormon kehamilan, peningkatan volume
darah, postur wanita, aktivitas fisik dan asupan makanan (Verralls, 2003;
Siswodarmo, 2008; Thadhani, 2012).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 14.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi
volume serta kualitas urin serta kemampuan klien untuk berkemih, yaitu diet dan
asupan makanan, respon keinginan awal untuk berkemih, gaya hidup, stress
psikologis, tingkat aktivitas, tingkat perkembangan serta kondisi penyakit. Hal
ini juga dapat menyebabkan beberapa perubahan tersebut dapat terjadi bersifat
akut dan kembali pulih/reversible ataupun dapat pula terjadi perubahan yang
bersifat kronis serta tidak dapat sembuh kembali/ireversibel (Smeltzer, 2001;
Perry dan Potter, 2005).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; tab-stops: 421.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">JURNAL
NURSING STUDIES, Volume 1, Nomor 1 Tahun 2012, Halaman 125</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Persalinan
Dan Nifas</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Kondisi kehamilan dan janin yang sehat berdampak
positif terhadap keselamatan ibu termasuk bayi saat persalinan. Kondisi
kesehatan setelah persalinan (nifas) juga penting bagi ibu yang telah
melahirkan. Oleh karena itu, kebutuhan informasi kesehatan nifas bagi para
wanita hamil yang telah menjalani proses bersalin perlu didapatkan agar tidak
salah dalam mencari, mengumpulkan, dan menganalisisnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Periode nifas adalah masa yang penting bagi
kesehatan ibu. Pada masa nifas, dibutuhkan perawatan ekstra pada ibu dan bayi.
Persepsi dan perilaku yang kurang tepat pada masa nifas dapat menyebabkan
komplikasi dan membahayakan kesehatan dan keselamatan ibu (Missiriya, 2016).
Komplikasi persalinan seringkali terjadi pada minggu pertama masa nifas.
Komplikasi fatal yang umumnya terjadi seperti perdarahan, sepsis, eklamsia
dapat menyebabkan kematian ibu pada masa nifas (Shah & Pariyar, 2016).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 28.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Pada masa nifas, ibu seharusnya melakukan
kunjungan nifas ke fasilitas kesehatan sebanyak minimal 3 kali setelah
melahirkan. Kunjungan nifas bertujuan untuk memantau status kesehatan ibu dan
bayi, melakukan pencegahan terhadap kemungkinan gangguan kesehatan ibu dan
bayi, mendeteksi dini komplikasi atau masalah, dan menangani komplikasi atau
masalah yang timbul dan mengganggu kesehatan ibu dan bayi (Kementerian
Kesehatan Republik Indonesia, 2015). Kunjungan nifas di Indonesia pada umumnya
rendah karena masih banyak ibu yang memiliki kepercayaan bahwa ibu nifas
dilarang keluar rumah pada jangka waktu tertentu sehingga ibu terlambat
melakukan pemeriksaan (Khafidzoh, et al., 2016).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Jurnal Administrasi Kesehatan Indonesia Volume 6 No 2 July-December 2018</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Published by Universitas Airlangga</span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;">Pengambilan Spesimen Urine Dan Feses</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 13.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tahap praanalitik merupakan tahap
yang dapat menentukan hasil pemeriksaan urine yang baik. Penatalaksanaan pada
tahap ini diperhatikan dan dilakukan dengan baik dan benar untuk menghindari
kesalahan pada hasil pemeriksaan urine. Beberapa hal yang harus diperhatikan
diantaranya adalah cara pengumpulan spesimen, transportasi, penyimpanan dan
pengawet urine (Wirawan, 2015).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-right: 13.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fakta bahwa spesimen urine begitu
mudah diperoleh atau dikumpulkan sering menyebabkan penanganan spesimen setelah
pengumpulan menjadi kelemahan dalam urinalisis. Perubahan komposisi urine
terjadi tidak hanya invivo tetapi juga invitro, sehingga membutuhkan prosedur
penanganan yang benar. Penanganan spesimen meliputi prosedur penampungan urine
dalam wadah spesimen, pemberian identitas spesimen, pengiriman atau penyimpanan
spesimen. Penanganan yang tidak tepat dapat menyebabkan hasil pemeriksaan yang
keliru (Riswanto dan Rizki, 2015).</span></p>
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<p></p>Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-77521288126678300402020-10-22T20:12:00.002-07:002020-10-22T20:12:10.447-07:00KEBUTUHAN GIZI<p> </p><p><!--[if !mso]>
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mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent1FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 1";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:67;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent1LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 1";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:67;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:2.25pt solid #7BA0CD;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent1;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themetint:191;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent1FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 1";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:67;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent1LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 1";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:67;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent1OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 1";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:67;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#A7BFDE;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;
mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:127;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent1OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 1";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:67;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#A7BFDE;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;
mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:127;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent1
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 1";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:69;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid white 1.0pt;
mso-border-themecolor:background1;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:.75pt solid white;
mso-border-insideh-themecolor:background1;
mso-border-insidev:.75pt solid white;
mso-border-insidev-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-shading:#D3DFEE;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;
mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:63;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent1FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 1";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:69;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#4F81BD;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:3.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev-themecolor:background1;
color:white;
mso-themecolor:background1;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-ansi-font-style:normal;
mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent1LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 1";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:69;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#4F81BD;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;
mso-tstyle-border-top:3.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev-themecolor:background1;
color:white;
mso-themecolor:background1;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-ansi-font-style:normal;
mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent1FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 1";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:69;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#4F81BD;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-right:3.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
color:white;
mso-themecolor:background1;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-ansi-font-style:normal;
mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent1LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 1";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:69;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#4F81BD;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;
mso-tstyle-border-top:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-left:3.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-right:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;
color:white;
mso-themecolor:background1;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;
mso-ansi-font-style:normal;
mso-bidi-font-style:normal;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent1OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 1";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:69;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#A7BFDE;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;
mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:127;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:cell-none;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent1OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 3 - Accent 1";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:69;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#A7BFDE;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent1;
mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:127;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh-themecolor:background1;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid white;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev-themecolor:background1;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent4
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 4";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:67;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt;
mso-border-themecolor:accent4;
mso-border-themetint:191;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:1.0pt solid #9F8AB9;
mso-border-insideh-themecolor:accent4;
mso-border-insideh-themetint:191;
mso-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #9F8AB9;
mso-border-insidev-themecolor:accent4;
mso-border-insidev-themetint:191;
mso-tstyle-shading:#DFD8E8;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent4;
mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:63;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent4FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 4";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:67;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent4LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 4";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:67;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:2.25pt solid #9F8AB9;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent4;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themetint:191;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent4FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 4";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:67;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent4LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 4";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:67;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent4OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 4";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:67;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#BFB1D0;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent4;
mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:127;}
table.MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent4OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Medium Grid 1 - Accent 4";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:67;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#BFB1D0;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent4;
mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:127;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-tstyle-rowband-size:1;
mso-tstyle-colband-size:1;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
border:solid #4BACC6 1.0pt;
mso-border-themecolor:accent5;
mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt;
mso-border-insideh:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-border-insideh-themecolor:accent5;
mso-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-border-insidev-themecolor:accent5;
mso-para-margin:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
mso-pagination:widow-orphan;
font-size:11.0pt;
font-family:"Calibri","sans-serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Calibri;
mso-ascii-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-hansi-font-family:Calibri;
mso-hansi-theme-font:minor-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:minor-bidi;
mso-ansi-language:EN-US;
mso-fareast-language:EN-US;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5FirstRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:first-row;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:2.25pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev-themecolor:accent5;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5LastRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:last-row;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:2.25pt double #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-insideh:cell-none;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev-themecolor:accent5;
mso-para-margin-top:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:0cm;
mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt;
line-height:normal;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5FirstCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:first-column;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5LastCol
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:last-column;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:accent5;
font-family:"Cambria","serif";
mso-ascii-font-family:Cambria;
mso-ascii-theme-font:major-latin;
mso-fareast-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-fareast-theme-font:major-fareast;
mso-hansi-font-family:Cambria;
mso-hansi-theme-font:major-latin;
mso-bidi-font-family:"Times New Roman";
mso-bidi-theme-font:major-bidi;
mso-ansi-font-weight:bold;
mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5OddColumn
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:odd-column;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#D2EAF1;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:63;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:accent5;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5OddRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:odd-row;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-shading:#D2EAF1;
mso-tstyle-shading-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-shading-themetint:63;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev-themecolor:accent5;}
table.MsoTableLightGridAccent5EvenRow
{mso-style-name:"Light Grid - Accent 5";
mso-table-condition:even-row;
mso-style-priority:62;
mso-style-unhide:no;
mso-tstyle-border-top:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-top-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-left:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-left-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-bottom-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-right:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-right-themecolor:accent5;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev:1.0pt solid #4BACC6;
mso-tstyle-border-insidev-themecolor:accent5;}
</style>
<![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapedefaults v:ext="edit" spidmax="1030"/>
</xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
<o:shapelayout v:ext="edit">
<o:idmap v:ext="edit" data="1"/>
</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->
</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">LATAR BELAKANG</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kebutuhan serta peran gizi bagi tubuh manusia
berbeda-beda. Hal itu tergantung dan dipengaruhi oleh beberapa faktor. Yang
diantaranya adalah karena faktor usia, jenis kelamin, pekerjaan atau status
dalam masyarakat, dan hal lain yang mempengaruhi kegiatan dan sirkulasi serta
proses metabolisme dalam tubuh maupun proses pembuangannya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada makalah ini, penulis akan membahas mengenai
kebutuhan dan peran gizi dan keperluan gizi bagi tubuh manusia, khususnya bagi
bayi dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hingga balita. Suatu fenomena
pada jaman sekarang ini, adalah ketidak mampuan atau ketidaktahuan, bahkan
ketidakpedulian terhadap pemenuhan kebutuhan yang memang harus dipenuhi dalam
fase pertumbuhan bayi dan balita.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sehingga beberapa kasus, penyakit yang diderita pada
usia dewasa dapat terjadi pada usia bayi dan balita. Namun, siapakah yang
disalahkan dalam hal ini? Kesalahan pemikiran dan penanganan dapat berpengaruh.
Misalnya saja pada bayi berusia 1-2 tahun yang tidak lagi memperoleh ASI, dan
telah diberikan asupan makanan. Pada masa kanak-kanak, tidak menutup
kemungkinan anak itu akan lebih beresiko mengidap penyakit maag, daripada
seorang anak yang memperoleh asupan makanan pada usia yang tepat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l12 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TUJUAN </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Hal
yang ingin dicapai dalam penulisan makalah ini adalah untuk menambah
pengetahuan serta pemahaman mengenai kebutuhan dan peran gizi untuk anak dan
balita. Baik untuk penulis maupun bagi pembaca makalah ini. Sehingga dapat
berguna bagi kita semua.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB II</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DEFINISI
GIZI </span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSKM30Oftfbb253bYEZUuKwrlppwBO-XBbgCEX-lrajPmsubEPOFlMEuE-R123rsdcfytXhup-Q6gmGsOSqIX_RDiS7sjjaMNaUptS9ZDaFLlw5LNx8y_rXKY53hl_afCxq4vz4neL6E0/s700/piramida-nutrisi.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="599" data-original-width="700" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgSKM30Oftfbb253bYEZUuKwrlppwBO-XBbgCEX-lrajPmsubEPOFlMEuE-R123rsdcfytXhup-Q6gmGsOSqIX_RDiS7sjjaMNaUptS9ZDaFLlw5LNx8y_rXKY53hl_afCxq4vz4neL6E0/s320/piramida-nutrisi.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br /></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gizi
adalah suatu proses organisme menggunakan makanan yang dikonsumsi secara normal
melalui proses pencernaan, absobsi, transportasi, penyimpanan, metabolisme dan
pengeluaran zat-zat yang tidak digunakan untuk mempertahankan kehidupan,
pertumbuhan dan fungsi normal dari organ-organ, serta menghasilkan energi. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut
Drs. Joko Pekik Irianto M.Kes. didalam bukunya Panduan Gizi Lengkap Keluarga
dan Olahragawan (2007: 2), istilah gizi berasal dari bahasa arab “ giza” yang
berarti zat makanan. Didalam bahasa inggris dikenal dengan istilah nutrition
yang berarti bahan makanan atau zat gizi atau sering diartikan ilmu gizi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">DEFINISI
MAKANAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Menurut Kamus Besar Bahasa
Indonesia, makanan adalah :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Segala sesuatu yg dapat dimakan (seperti lauk-pauk, kue)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Segala bahan yg kita makan atau masuk ke dalam tubuh yang membentuk atau
mengganti jaringan tubuh, memberikan tenaga, atau mengatur semua proses dalam
tubuh. Didalam Buku Panduan Gizi Lengkap Keluarga dan Olahragawan, makanan
mengandung banyak unsur seperti karbohidrat, lemak, vitamin, protein, air,
mineral dan lain sebagainya yang dikelompokkan sesuai kegunaannya menjadi 3
yaitu :</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber Tenaga</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Karbohidrat</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah
satu atau beberapa senyawa kimia termasuk gula, pati, dan serat yang mengadung
atom C, H dan O dengan rumus kimia Cn(H<sub>2</sub>O)n yang terdapat dalam
tumbuhan seperti beras, jagung, gandum, umbi-umbian dan terbentuk melalui
proses asimilasi dalam tumbuhan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lemak</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah garam yang terbentuk dari penyatuan asam lemak dengan
alcohol organic yang disebut gliserol atau gliserin.lemak yang dapat mencair
dalam suhu biasa disebut minyak. Sedangkan dalam bentuk padat disebut lemak.
Sperti halnya karbohidrat, lemak tersusun atas molekul C, H dan Obdengan jumlah
atom lebih banyak misalnya stearin C<sub>57</sub> H<sub>10</sub> O<sub>6.</sub></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Protein</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah senyawa kimia yang mengandung asam amino, tersusun
atas atom-atom C,H, O dan N.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber Zat Pembangun</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zat yang tergolong sebagai zat
pembangun adalah, diantaranya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Protein</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Disebut juga zat putih telur karena protein pertama kali
ditemukan pada putih telur (ewit). Protein merupakan zat pembentuk sel tumbuhan,
hewan dan manusia, kurang lebih ¾ zat padat tubuh adalah protein. Oleh karena
itu protein disebut zat pembangun.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo6; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.75pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merupakan komponen terbesar dalam struktur tubuh manusia.
Kurang lebih 60-70% berat badan tubuh orang dewasa berupa air sehingga air
sangat diperlukan oleh tubuh terutama bagi mereka yang memerlukan kegiatan
olahraga atau kegiatan berat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l13 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.75pt;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber Zat Pengatur</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitamin</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah senyawa organik yang diperlukan oleh tubuh dalam
jumlah sedikit untuk mengatur fungsi-fungsi tubuh yang spesifik seperti
pertumbuhan normal, memelihara kesehatan dan reproduksi. Vitamin tidak dapat
dihasilkan oleh tubuh sehingga harus diperoleh dari bahan makanan. Vitamin
digolongkan dalam dua kelompok yaitu :</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitamin larut dalam air</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdiri dari vitamin B dan vitamin C. jenis vitamin ini
tidak dapatdisimpan dalam tubuh. Kelebihan vitramin ini akan dibuang melalui
urine.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitamin larut dalam lemak</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terdiri dari vitamin A, D, E, dan K. jenis vitamin ini dapat
disimpan dalam tubuh dengan jumlah cukup besar terutama dalam hati.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo7; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Mineral</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Adalah zat organik tang diperlukan oleh tubuh dalam jumalah
kecil untuk membantu reaksi funsional tubuh misalnya untuk memelihara
keteraturan metabolisme. Kurang lebih 4% berat tubuh manusia tersiri dari
mineral.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 91.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Secara
umum fungsi mineral dalam tubuh adalah sebagai berikut :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Menyediakan bahan sebagai komponen penyusun tulang dan gigi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">2.
Membantu fungsi organ, memlihara irama jantung, kontraksi otot, konduksi syaraf
dan keseimbangan asam basa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 117.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">3. Memelihara
keteraturan metabolism.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KEBUTUHAN
GIZI PADA ANAK DAN BALITA</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kebutuhan Gizi Atau Bagi Anak Dan
Balita</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Kebutuhan nutrisi pada bayi dan
balita sangatlah penting pada masa pertumbuhan bayi dan balita. Berikut
beberapa kebutuhan bayi yang perlu dipenuhi oleh bayi dan balita.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Karbohidrat</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Karbohidrat
merupakan sumber energi yang tersedia dengan mudah di setiap makanan dan harus
tersedia dalam jumlah yang cukup sebab kekurangan sekitar 15% dari kalori
yang ada dapat menyebabkan terjadi kelaparan dan berat badan menurun.. apabila
jumlah kalori yang tersedia atau berasal dari karbohidrat dengan jumlah yang
tinggi dapat menyebabkan terjadi peningkatan BB(obesitas). Jumlah karbohidrat
yang cukup dapat diperoleh dari susu, padi-padian, buah-buahan, sukrosa, sirup,
tepung, dan sayur-sayuran.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> <span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Porsi terbesar
dari energi tubuh ( 40- 50 %) kebutuhan kalori berasal dari KH ( sumber energi
utama). Karbohidrat merupakan makanan utama yang terjangkau oleh masyarakat. KH
disimpan terutama dalam bentuk glikogen dalam jaringan hati dan otot. Bila
energi tdk terdapat dari KH, maka diambil dari protein dan lemak.</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">KH didapat
dalam bentuk :</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">a.</span></b><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> Monosakarida
( glukosa, fruktosa, galaktosa)<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">b.</b> Disakarida ( laktosa, sukrosa,
maltosa, isomaltosa)<br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">c.</b> Polisakarida ( tepung, dektrin,
glikogen, selulosa)</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Lemak</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Pada dasarnya
lemak tidak banyak dibutuhkan dalam jumlah besar kecuali lemak esensial, yaitu
asam linoleat dan asam arakidonat. Pada anak usia bayi sampai kurang lebih tiga
bulan, lemak merupakan sumber gliserida dan kolesterol yang tidak dapat dibuat
dari karbohidrat. Lemak berfungsi untuk mempermudah absorbsi vitamin yang larut
dalam lemak yaitu vitamin A, D, E dan K.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Jumlah dan
jenis lemak yang dikonsumsi sehari-hari berpengaruh bagi perkembangan dan
pertumbuhan anak. Pengaruh tersebut terjadi melalui kandungan kalori atau
energi yang dimiliki dan peranan asam-asam lemak tertentu yang terdapat di
dalamnya. Bagi bayi, sumber lemak yang ideal dalam air susu ibu (ASI). Sekitar
50 – 60 Persen energi yang yang terkandung dalam ASI berasal dari lemak susu.
Selama masa penyapihan , konsumsi lemak harus dijaga jangn sampai terlalu
rendah dari jumlah yang dibutuhkan. Penggunaan lemak, terutama minyak nabati
dalam makanan sapihan atau makanan tambahan bagi bayi dn balita adalah cara
efektif untuk memenuhi kebutuhan energi mereka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Lemak
merupakan sumber energi utama untuk pertumbuhan dan aktifitas fisik bagi anak
dan balita. Kebutuhan energi ini akan terpenuhi jika konsumsi lemak/minyak
hanya menyumbang 15 persen atau kurang dari total energi yang dibutuhkan
perhari. Sampai umur dua tahun, lemak yang dikonsumsi oleh anak disamping
sebagai sumber energi, harus dilihat juga dari segi fungsi strukturalnya. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lemak akan menghasilkan asam-asam lemak dan
kolestrol yang ternyata dibutuhkan untuk membentuk sel-sel membram pada semua
organ. Organ-organ penting seperti retina dan sisitim saraf pusat terutama
disusun oleh lemak. Asam lemak yang dangat dibutuhkan oleh jaringan tubuh
tersebut terutama adalah asam lemak yang esensial.Asam lemah yang esensial
adalah asam lemak yang tidak dapat dibuat didalam tubuh sehingga harus
diperolaeh dari makanan, terdiri dari asam Linoleat, linulenat dan arakhidonat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">ASI mempunyai
komposisi asam lemak yang sangat tepat untuk keperluan bayi dan anak-anak sampai
dua tahun tersebut. Juga mengandung faktor-faktor yang menyebabkan lemaknya
mudah dicerna, juga komposisi kimianya membuat ASI mudah dicerna dan juga
memberikan suplai yang seimbang antara asam lemak omega-6 dan omega-3.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Bagi bayi dan
balita, rekomendasi yang diberikan adalah sebagai berikut (1) sedapat mungkin
bayi diberikan ASI, (2) komposisi asam lemak dalam formula makanan bayi harus
disesuaikan dengan jumlah dan proporsi asam lemak yang terkandung dalam ASI,
dan (3) selama masa sapihan atau paling sampai bayi umur 2 tahun, kebutuhan
energi yang berasal dari lemak harus sebanyak 30-40 persen dari total energi
yang dibutukan per hari, dengan komposisi asam lemak yang semirip mungkin
dengan ASI.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Protein</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Protein
merupakan zat gizi dasar yang berguna dalam pembentukan protoplasma sel. Selain
itu, tersedianya protein dalam jumlah yang cukup penting untuk pertumbuhan dan
perbaikan sel jaringan dan sebagai larutan untuk menjaga keseimbangan osmoyik
plasma. Protein terdiri dari dua puluh empat asam amino, di antaranya sembilan
asam amino esensial (treonin, valin, leusin, isoleusin, lisin, triptofan,
fenilalanin, metionin, dan histidin) dan selebihnya asam amino nonesensial.
Jika jumlah protein dalam tubuh tinggi dapat memperburuk insufisiensi ginjal.
Jika jumlahnya kurang, dapat menyebabkan kelemahan, edema, bahkan dalam kondisi
lebih buruk dapat menyebabkan kwshiorkor(kurang protein) dan marasmus (kurang
protein dan kalori). Komponen zat ggizi protein dapat diperoleh dari susu,
telur, daging, ikan, unggas, keju, kedelai, kacang, buncis, dan padi-padian.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Air</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Air
merupakan kebutuhan nutris yang sangat penting,mengingat kebutuhan air pada
bayi mencapai 75-80% dari berat badan.air bagi tubuh berfungsi sebagai pelarut
untuk pertukaran selluler.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Mineral</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Mineral merupakan
komponen zat gizi yang tersedia dalam kelompok mikro, yaitu :</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Kalsium merupakan mineral yang berguna untuk pengaturan
struktur tulang dan gigi, kontraksi otot, iritabilitas saraf, koagulasi darah,
kerja jantung dan produksi susu. Kalsium akan dieksresikN 70% dalam tinja, 10%
dalam urin, sedangkan 15-25% bertahan dan tergantung dalam keceptan
pertumbuhan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Klorida sangat berguna dalam pengeluaran tekanan osmotic
serta keseimbangan asam dan basa. Klorida dapat diperoleh dari garam,
daging, susus dan telur.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Kromium berguna untuk metabolism glukosa dan metabolism dalam
insulin. Kromium dapat diperoleh dari ragi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Tembaga berguna untuk produksi sel darah merah, pembentukan
hemoglobin, penyerapan besi dan lain-lain. Tembaga dapat diperoleh dari hati,
daging, ikan, padi, dan kacang-kacangan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Flour mnerupakan mineral yang berfungsi untuk pengaturan
struktur gii dan tulang, sehingga jika kekurangan dapat menyebabkan
karies gigi. Sumber flour terdapat dsalam air, makanan laut, dan
tumbuh-tumbuhan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Iodium harus tersedia dalam jumlah yang cukup sebab
kekurangan iodium dapat menyebabkan penyakit gondok. Iodium dapat diperoleh
dari garam.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Zat besi merupakan mineral yang menjadi bagian dari
struktur hemoglobin untuk pengangkutanCO2 dan O2. Kekurangan zat besi dapat
mengakibatkan anemia dan osteoporosis. Sedangkan kelebihan dapat mengakibatkan
sirosis, gastritis, dan hemolisis. Zat besi dapat diperoleh dari hati, daging,
kuning telur, sayuran hijau, padi, dan tumbuhan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Maknesium berguna dalam aktifitas enzim pada metabolisme
karbohidrat dan sangat penting dalam proses metabolisme.kekurangan mangnesium
menyebabkan hipokalsemia atau hipokalemia,maknesium dapat diperoleh dari
biji-bijian, kavang-kacangan,daging dan susu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Mangan berfungsi dalam aktifitas enzim.mangan dapat diperoleh
kacang-kacanagn padi , biji-bijian, dan sayur-sayuran hijau.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Fosfor merupakan unsure pokok dalam pertumbuhan tulang dan
gigi.kekurangan fosfor dapat menyebabkan kelemahan otot.fosfor dapat diperoleh
dari susu,kuning telur,kacang-kacangan,padi-padian dan lain-lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Kalium berfungsi dalam kontraksi otot dan hantaran implus
saraf,keseimbangan cairan,dan pengaturan irama jantung,kalium dapat diperoleh
dari semua makanan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Natrium berguna dalam pengaturan tekanan osmotic serta
pengaturan keseimbangan asam dan basa,dan cairan.kekurangan cairan dapat
mengakibatkan kram otot,nausea,dehidrasi dan hipotensi.natrium dapat diperoleh
dari garam,susu,telur,tepung dan lain-lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Sulfur merupakan unsure pokok protein seluler yang membantu
proses metabolism jarinagn saraf.sulfur dapat di peroleh dari makanan protein.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo10; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Seng merupakan unsure pokok dari beberapa enzim karbonik
anhidrase yang penting dalam pertukaran CO2.seng dapat diperoleh dari daging
,padi-padian,kacang-kacangan,dan keju.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l14 level1 lfo9; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Vitamin</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Untuk
memelihara kesehatan, rekuiremen bayi dan anak menurut Recommended Dietary
Allowance for Use in Indonesia yang dikeluarkan oleh departemen Kesehatan RI
pada tahun 1968 merencanakan pengaturan makan untuk seorang bayi atau anak.
Jika kita hendak menentukan makanan yang tepat untuk seorang bayi atau anak,
maka perlu dilakukan langkah-langkah sebagai berikut :</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Menentukan jumlah kebutuhan dari setiap nutrient dengan
menggunakan data tentang kebutuhan nutrient.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Menentukan jenis bahan makanan yang dipilih untuk
menterjemahkan nutrient dari berbagai macam bahan makanan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Menentukan jenis makanan akan diolah sesuai dengan hidangan
(menu) yang dikehendaki.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Menentukan jadwal waktu dan menentukan hidangan .Perlu pula
ditentukan cara pemberian makan, misalnya dengan cara makan biasa, dengan pipa
penduga (sonde) dan lain lain. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l16 level1 lfo11; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Memperhatikan masukan yang terjadi terhadap hidangan
tersebut.Perlu dipertimbangkan kemungkinan factor kesukaan dan ketidaksukaan
terhadap suatu makanan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Faktor-faktor yang perlu diperlukan untuk
pengaturan makan yang tepat adalah: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Umur</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Berat Badan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Diagnosis dari penyakit, tahap serta keadaaan penyakit</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Keadaan mulut sebagai alat penerima makanan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo12; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Kebiasaan makan, kesukaan dan ketidaksukaan, akseptabilitas dari
makanan dan toleransi anak terhadap makanan yang diberikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Dengan memperhatikan dan memperhitungkan faktor-faktor
tersebut di atas, umumnya tidak akan banyak terjadi kekeliruan dalam
mengatur makan untuk seorang bayi atau anak.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Total Energi dan Parenteral
nutrisi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Komisi ahli
FAO/WHO dalam tahun 1971 mengemukan bahwa rekruitmen dari kalori harus
disesuiakan dengan berat badan selama masa pertumbuhan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Nelson tidak
membedakan jenis kelamin dalam masa remaja. Perbedaan tersebut sebenarnya
diperlukan, mengingat dalam masa remaja terjadi perbedaan dari permulaan
pubertas dan juga perbedaan rekruitmen dari nutrient lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Kalori yang
diberikan akan digunakan untuk :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Metabolism
basal : bayi membutuhkan 55 kal/kgBB/hari, kemudian pada usia selnjutnya
berkurang dan setelah dewasa menjadi 25-30 kal/kgBB/hari. Metabolism basal
meningkat 10% untuk tiap kenaikan suhu 1<sup>0</sup>C.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Specific
dynamic Action (SDA) ialah kenaikan kalori yang diperlukan diatas keperluan
metabolism basal, yang disebabkan oleh peristiwa makan dan mencerna makanan.
Pada masa bayi rata-rata 7-8% dari seluruh masukan kalori, sedangkan pada anak
kira-kira 5% bila diberikan makanan biasa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Pembuangan
ekskreta (sisa yang tidak terpakai): biasanya tidak lebih dari 10%.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Aktifitas
jasmani : 15-25 kal/kgBB/hari. Pada saat sangat aktif dapat mencapai 50-80
kal/kgBB untuk waktu yang singkat, misalnya saat berolahraga (atletik,
berenang, dan sebaginya).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo13; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Pertumbuhan
merupakan jumlah kalori yang tidak digunakan untuk keperluan tersebut diatas
dan merupakan kalori yang disimpan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Bergantung
pada fase pertumbuhan, pad hari-hari permulaan kira-kira 20-40 kal/kgBB/hari,
kemudian berkurang sehingga pada akhir masa bayi menjadi 15-25 kal/kgBB/hari.
Pada masa remaja kenutuhan kalori untuk pertumbuhan akan menigkat lagi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Kalori dalam
makanan berasal dari nutrient protein, lemak, dan karbohidrat. Setiap gram
protein menghasilkan 4 kalori, lemak 9 kalori dan karbohidrat 4 kalori.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Distribusi
kalori dalam makanan anak yang dalam keseimbangan diet (balnced diet) ialah 15%
berasal dari protein, 35% dari lemak, dan 50% dari karbohidrat. Menurut Platt
(1961), bila makanan tersebut diukur nilai gizinya dengan Net Dietary protein
calories % atau NDpCals %, maka sesuatu makanan bernilai cukup (adekuat)
sebagai berikut :</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Masa bayi
: 8,0</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Balita 1-3
tahun
: 7,8</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l10 level1 lfo14; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Balita 4-5
tahun
: 5,9</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Kelebihan
kalori yang tetap setiap hari sebanyak 500 kalori, dapat menyebabkan kenaikan
berat badan 500 gram dalam seminggu.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">TUJUAN PEMBERIAN NUTRISI PADA
BAYI DAN BALITA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Adapun tujuan dari pemberian nutrisi pada Bayi dan Balita ini
adalah sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 95.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -23.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Mencapai berat badan normal dan mempertahankannya;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 95.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -23.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Mempertahankan status gizi dalam keadaan baik;</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 95.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -23.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Menyediakan zat gizi untuk menjamin tumbuh kembang dan<br />
meningkatkan daya tahan tubuh terhadap infeksi; dan, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 95.25pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level2 lfo8; text-indent: -23.25pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Membina kebiasaan makan yang baik, menumbuhkan pengetahuan
tentang makan dan makanan yang baik pada anak<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">FAKTOR-FAKTOR YANG BERPENGARUH
TERHADAP NUTRISI PADA BAYI DAN BALITA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 0cm 0cm 0cm; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1536; width: 492px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 166.5pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="height: 166.5pt; padding: 0cm 3.0pt 0cm 0cm; width: 369.0pt;" valign="bottom" width="492">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> Faktor
yang menyebabkan kurang gizi telah diperkenalkan UNICEF dan telah digunakan
secara internasional, yang meliputi beberapa tahapan penyebab timbulnya
kurang gizi pada anak balita, baik penyebab langsung, tidak langsung, akar
masalah dan pokok masalah. Berdasarkan Soekirman dalam materi Aksi Pangan dan
Gizi nasional , penyebab kurang gizi dapat dijelaskan sebagai
berikut: </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; text-indent: 40.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> Pertama,
penyebab langsung yaitu makanan anak dan penyakit infeksi yang mungkin
diderita anak. Penyebab gizi kurang tidak hanya disebabkan makanan yang
kurang tetapi juga karena penyakit. Balita yang mendapat makanan yang baik
tetapi karena sering sakit diare atau demam dapat menderita kurang
gizi. Demikian pada Balita yang makannya tidak cukup baik maka daya tahan
tubuh akan melemah dan mudah terserang penyakit. Kenyataannya baik makanan
maupun penyakit secara bersama-sama merupakan penyebab kurang gizi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> Kedua,
penyebab tidak langsung yaitu ketahanan pangan di keluarga, pola pengasuhan
Balita, serta pelayanan kesehatan dan kesehatan lingkungan. Ketahanan pangan
adalah kemampuan keluarga untuk memenuhi kebutuhan pangan seluruh anggota
keluarga dalam jumlah yang cukup dan baik mutunya. Pola pengasuhan adalah
kemampuan keluarga untuk menyediakan waktunya, perhatian dan dukungan
terhadap anak agar dapat tumbuh dan berkembang secara optimal baik fisik,
mental, dan sosial. Pelayanan kesehatan dan sanitasi lingkungan adalah
tersedianya air bersih dan sarana pelayanan kesehatan dasar yang terjangkau
oleh seluruh keluarga.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> Faktor-faktor
tersebut sangat terkait dengan tingkat pendidikan, pengetahuan, dan
ketrampilan keluarga. Makin tinggi pendidikan, pengetahuan dan ketrampilan
terdapat kemungkinan makin baik tingkat ketahanan pangan keluarga, makin baik
pola pengasuhan Balita dan keluarga makin banyak memanfaatkan pelayanan yang
ada. Ketahanan pangan keluarga juga terkait dengan ketersediaan pangan,
harga pangan, dan daya beli keluarga, serta pengetahuan tentang gizi dan
kesehatan.</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">PERHITUNGAN BERAT BADAN IDEAL</span></b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><br />
</span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1.
Bayi (0-12 Bln)</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penentuan
BBI (Berat badan Ideal)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila tidak
diketahui Berat Badan Lahir :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BBI = (USIA : 2) + 3 S/D 4 kg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Bila diketahui Berat Badan Lahir :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usia 6 bulan : 2 X BBL</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usia 12 bulan: 3 X BBL</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estimasi
Kebutuhan Energi dan Zat Gizi total per hari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Energi <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
100-120 kalori/ kg BBI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Protein<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>= 10 %
X Energi atau= 2,5 – 3 gr/kg BBI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lemak <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
10- 20 % X Energi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l23 level1 lfo16; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KH<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: FreeSans;">60- 70 % X Energi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l24 level1 lfo17; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Balita
</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Penentuan
BBI (Berat badan Ideal)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-autospace: none; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usia lebih dari 12 bulan : (usia
dalam tahun X 2) + 8 kg</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo15; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Wingdings; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">ü<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Estimasi
Kebutuhan Energi dan Zat Gizi total per hari</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Energi:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l17 level1 lfo19; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1000 + (100 X usia dalam tahun)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usia 1-3 tahun : 100 kalori/ kg BBI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 126.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l19 level1 lfo20; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Usia 4-6 tahun : 90 kalori/ kg BBI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Protein = 10 % X Energi atau= 1,5 -2,0 gr/kg BBI</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Lemak <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>=
10- 20 % X Energi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo18; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">KH<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>=
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: FreeSans;">60- 70 % X Energi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><br />
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">Cara menggunakannya dicontoh
sebagai berikut</span></b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;"> : </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Contoh
pertama</span></b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> : anak
balita usia 14 bulan, sebelum usia balita ini dimasukan rumus terlebih dahulu
usia 14 bulan diuraikan menjadi tahun dan bulan yaitu 1 tahun 2 bulan dimana 1
tahun adalah 12 bulan. Karena n adalah usia dalam tahun dan bulan maka 1 tahun
2 bulan ditulis dengan 1,2 ( dibaca 1 tahun 2 bulan). Selanjutnya baru
dimasukan kedalam rumus yaitu:</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">(Usia
anak dalam tahun*28)+</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">(2 x 1,2) + 8 = 2,4 + 8 = 10,4 </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jadi hasilnya Berat Badan Ideal
untuk anak balita usia 14 bulan adalah 10,4 kg.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Contoh pertama diatas sangat praktis, tapi hati-hati, agak sedikit
rumit seperti contoh kedua dibawah ini:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Contoh kedua: Anak balita usia
2 tahun 10 bulan, seperti diatas ini ditulis dengan n=2,10 dan selanjutnya
dikali dengan 2 (sebagaimana rumus 2n) jadi hasilnya adalah 4,20. Hasil ini
jangan langsung ditambah dengan 8, karena 4,20 diartikan 4 tahun 20 bulan, 20
bulan artinya 1 tahun 8 bulan, jadi 4,20 berubah menjadi 5,8, baru kemudian
ditambah dengan 8 maka Berat badan Idealnya adalah 13,8 kg.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Untuk Berat badan ideal bayi usia 1-12 bulan dapat menggunakan
rumus sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
usia 1-6 bulan dapat menggunakan rumus :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BBL(gr) +(usia x 600 gram)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l21 level1 lfo21; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
usia 7-12 bulan dapat menggunakan rumus</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">BBL
(gr) + (usia x 500 gram )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo22; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: Symbol; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;"><img alt="*" height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.gif" width="13" /><span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(usia/2) +3</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 90.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Dimana : BBL adalah Berat Badan Lahir Usia dinyatakan dalam
bulan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 108.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">INTEPRETASI BERAT BADAN IDEAL ANAK
BALITA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Sebagaimana halnya dengan
intepretasi Berat Badan Ideal Orang dewasa (usia 15 tahun keatas) adalah +10 %
BBI ini juga dapat berlaku untuk BBI anak balita. Dimulai dari kisaran
normalnya yaitu rumus diatas = (2n +8 ) + 10% (2n+8). Yaitu antara 9.6 -11.44.
Orang tua perlu hati-hati bila presentase Berat Badan Real telah berada dibawah
atau diatas 20 % dapat dikatakan bahwa anak balita tersebut mempunyai keadaan
gizi yang tidak seimbang, Bila berada diatas 20 % anak balita bisa dikatakan
kegemukan dan bila berada di bawah 20 % bisa dikatakan kurang gizi dan bisa
berlanjut ke Keadaan gizi buruk untuk balita/anak dan busung lapar untuk
orang dewasa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Sebenarnya untuk mengukur Berat
Badan Normal anak balita sudah ditentukan secara internasional yaitu dengan
menggunakan standar WHO-NCHS atau juga bisa dengan melihat Kartu Menuju
Sehat (KMS) tumbuh kembang balita, seperti terlihat pada gambar
disamping, setiap anak mempunyai pola pertumbuhan dan perkembangan berat badan
ideal (baik), yang penting adalah bertambah umur bertambah berat badan dan pola
terlihat jelas, tidak tiba-tiba naik berat badan bulan ini, bulan
berikutnya turun lagi kemudian naik lagi. Cara diatas menentukan BBI
anak balita hanya cara praktis yang bisa langsung digunakan tampa harus melihat
pedoman seperti pada standar WHO-NCHS atau juga kartu menuju sehat yang biasa
dilihat di posyandu.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l22 level1 lfo8; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">PERHITUNGAN KEBUTUHAN ENERGI
UNTUK BAYI DAN BALITA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Kebutuhan protein per hari (per kg BB)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableLightGridAccent5" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 59.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 504px;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 2.25pt; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Usia</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Berat
badan (kg)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Tinggi
badan (cm)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Protein
(gr)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 0; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-top: none; border: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">0-6
bulan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">7-12
bulan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">1-3
tahun</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">4-5
tahun</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 85.5pt;" valign="top" width="114">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">8,5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">12</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">18</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 117.0pt;" valign="top" width="156">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">60</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">71</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">90</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">110</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D2EAF1; border-bottom: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-background-themecolor: accent5; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-left-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent5; mso-border-top-alt: solid #4BACC6 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent5; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 90.0pt;" valign="top" width="120">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">18</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">25</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">39</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="height: 49px; left: 0px; margin-left: 89px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 485px; z-index: 251656192;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: Table 1. Kebutuhan protein per hari (per kg BB)
" height="49" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.png" width="485" /></span><b><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="background: white; border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Kecukupan gizi yang dianjurkan (menurut data Departemen kesehatan
RI,1968). Dalam daftar tersebut tersebut kebutuhan akan vitamin D tidak
dicantumkan, akan tetapi Nelson (1969) mengemukakan angka 400 untuk semua umur.</span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableMediumGrid3Accent1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 59.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 534px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 58.75pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 58.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.3pt;" valign="top" width="68">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Gol
Umur</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 58.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Ca</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">(g)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 58.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Fe</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">(g)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 58.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Vit.A
sebagai Karotin (mg)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 58.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Tiamin</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">(mg)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 58.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Riboflavin</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">(mg)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 58.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Niasin</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">(mg)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 58.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.55pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Vit.C</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">(mg)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-bottom: solid white 3.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: solid white 1.0pt; height: 58.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.45pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Vit D</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">(mg)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 30.6pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-bottom: none; border-left: solid white 1.0pt; border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.6pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.3pt;" valign="top" width="68">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Bayi</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">6-12bln</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.6pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">0,6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.6pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.6pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">1200</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.6pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">0,4</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.6pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">0,5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.6pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.6pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.55pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">25</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 30.6pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.45pt;" valign="top" width="42">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">(400)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 69.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #4F81BD; border-right: solid white 3.0pt; border: solid white 1.0pt; height: 69.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-alt: 1.0pt; mso-border-color-alt: white; mso-border-left-alt: 1.0pt; mso-border-right-alt: 3.0pt; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-style-alt: solid; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: .75pt; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 51.3pt;" valign="top" width="68">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Balita</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">1-3
thn</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">4-5
thn</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.0pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">0,5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">0,5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">0,5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 30.5pt;" valign="top" width="41">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">10</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 53.65pt;" valign="top" width="72">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">1500</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">1800</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">2400</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 49.5pt;" valign="top" width="66">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">0,5</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">0,6</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">0,8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 67.55pt;" valign="top" width="90">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">0,7</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">0,9</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">1,0</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 45.0pt;" valign="top" width="60">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">8</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">9</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">13</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid white 1.0pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 40.55pt;" valign="top" width="54">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">30</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">40</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">50</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid white 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid white 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 69.5pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: background1; mso-border-left-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: background1; mso-border-right-themecolor: background1; mso-border-top-alt: solid white .75pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: background1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 31.45pt;" valign="top" width="42"><br /></td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 145.5pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="height: 57px; left: 0px; margin-left: 160px; margin-top: 6px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 406px; z-index: 251657216;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: Table 2. kebutuhan akan zat nutrisi.
" height="57" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image003.png" width="406" /></span><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Kebutuhan energi rata-rata dari bayi.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent1" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 59.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 534px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 56.85pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; height: 56.85pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 199.25pt;" valign="top" width="266">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Umur</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-left: none; border: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; height: 56.85pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 201.25pt;" valign="top" width="268">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Kebutuhan
energi (Kal/kgBB/hari)</span></u></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">FAO
(1971)
Nelson (1969)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 23.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-top: none; border: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; height: 23.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 199.25pt;" valign="top" width="266">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">3
bulan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-bottom: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 201.25pt;" valign="top" width="268">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">120</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 23.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-top: none; border: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; height: 23.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 199.25pt;" valign="top" width="266">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">3-5
bulan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 201.25pt;" valign="top" width="268">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">115</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 23.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-top: none; border: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; height: 23.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 199.25pt;" valign="top" width="266">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">6-8
bulan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-bottom: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 201.25pt;" valign="top" width="268">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">110</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 23.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-top: none; border: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; height: 23.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 199.25pt;" valign="top" width="266">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">9-11
bulan</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #D3DFEE; border-bottom: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 201.25pt;" valign="top" width="268">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">105</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 23.75pt; mso-yfti-irow: 4; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-top: none; border: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; height: 23.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 199.25pt;" valign="top" width="266">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Rata-rata
selama masa bayi</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #A7BFDE; border-bottom: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 23.75pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent1; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #7BA0CD 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent1; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 201.25pt;" valign="top" width="268">
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 15.85pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l18 level1 lfo23; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-indent: -18.0pt; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">112</span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>110(100-120)</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="height: 49px; left: 0px; margin-left: 193px; margin-top: 11px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 294px; z-index: 251658240;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: Table 3. Keb. Energy Rata-Rata" height="49" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.png" width="294" /></span><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><b><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kebutuhan energi Balita
diatas 1 tahun.</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableMediumGrid1Accent4" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 59.4pt; mso-border-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184; width: 536px;">
<tbody><tr style="height: 44.05pt; mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: -1;">
<td style="background: #DFD8E8; border: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; height: 44.05pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 5; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Umur
Anak</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #DFD8E8; border-left: none; border: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; height: 44.05pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.0pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><u><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Kebutuhan
energi (Kal/kgBB/hari)</span></u></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 1; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">FAO
(1971)
Nelson (1969)</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 4.4pt; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td colspan="2" style="background: #BFB1D0; border-top: none; border: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; height: 4.4pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 402.0pt;" valign="top" width="536"><br /></td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="background: #DFD8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; height: 14.9pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">1</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #DFD8E8; border-bottom: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.9pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.0pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">112
110</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.9pt; mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-top: none; border: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; height: 14.9pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 68; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">1-3</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #BFB1D0; border-bottom: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 14.9pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 127; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.0pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 64; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">101
100</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 15.8pt; mso-yfti-irow: 3; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="background: #DFD8E8; border-top: none; border: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; height: 15.8pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 171.0pt;" valign="top" width="228">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-yfti-cnfc: 4; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">4-5</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
</td>
<td style="background: #DFD8E8; border-bottom: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 15.8pt; mso-background-themecolor: accent4; mso-background-themetint: 63; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-bottom-themetint: 191; mso-border-left-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-left-themetint: 191; mso-border-right-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-right-themetint: 191; mso-border-top-alt: solid #9F8AB9 1.0pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: accent4; mso-border-top-themetint: 191; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 231.0pt;" valign="top" width="308">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center; vertical-align: baseline;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">91
90</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="height: 44px; left: 0px; margin-left: 178px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 342px; z-index: 251659264;"><img alt="Rounded Rectangle: Table 4. Keb. Energy Balita" height="44" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image005.png" width="342" /></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><a href="http://duniaanak.org/makanan-anak/pentingnya-gizi-balita.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Gizi balita</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> adalah hal paling utama yang
harus diperhatikan oleh orang tua jika ingin tumbuh kembang putra putrinya
maksimal.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 27.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Pemenuhan gizi pada setiap balita merupakan suatu keharusan
karena hal ini sangat berpengaruh pada masa depan si buah hati, terutama pada 5
tahun pertama, karena apa yang terjadi selama 5 tahun pertama tersebut sangat
menentukan tahun demi tahun pertumbuhan dan perkembangannya. Hal inilah yang seharusnya
mendasari setiap orang tua untuk berusaha agar <span style="mso-bidi-font-style: italic;">Gizi Balita</span>nya terpenuhi semaksimal mungkin.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-outline-level: 3;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tapi apa saja <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">sih</i> zat gizi yang dibutuhkan oleh anak kita agar tumbuh kembangnya
maksimal?</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Berikut beberapa nutrisi penting yang dibutuhkan oleh setiap
balita yang sangat berpengaruh pada tumbuh kembangnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo24; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitamin A, D, E dan K</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Ke-4 vitamin ini sangat vital bagi
pertumbuhan balita Anda. Jadi, usahakan agar asupan vitamin ini terpenuhi
setiap harinya. Seperti kita ketahui, vitamin A sangat baik untuk penglihatan
dan kesehatan kulit balita kita, sedangkan vitamin D berperan penting dalam
meningkatkan penyerapan kalsium serta membantu pertumbuhan tulang dan gigi
anak. Sementara vitamin E memiliki antioksidan yang membantu pertumbuhan sistem
syaraf dan pertumbuhan sel. Vitamin K membantu pembekuan darah.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo24; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Kalsium</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Merupakan mineral yang sangat dibutuhkan oleh balita dalam
pembentukan massa tulangnya. Kalsium sangat penting untuk membentuk tulang yang
kuat sehingga balita Anda terhindar dari patah tulang ketika mulai belajar
memanjat dan aktif bermain. Kebutuhan harian balita akan kalsium umumnya
sebesar 500mg/hari. Sumber makanan dari kalsium antara lain susu, keju, tahu,
brokoli, tomat, oatmeal, kacang-kacangan, dan ikan salmon.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo24; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Vitamin B dan C</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Fungsi dari vitamin B antara lain meningkatkan sistem syaraf
dan imun tubuh balita Anda, meningkatkan pertumbuhan sel, serta mengatur
metabolisme tubuh. Sementara vitamin C berfungsi untuk meningkatkan penyerapan
zat besi dalam tubuh balita serta mencegah sariawan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sumber makanan yang banyak mengandung vitamin B antara lain
beras merah, pisang, kacang-kacangan, ikan, daging dan telur. Sementara untuk
memenuhi gizi balita Anda dengan vitamin C, Anda dapat memperolehnya dari
tomat, kentang, stroberi serta sayur-sayuran hijau.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l25 level1 lfo24; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Zat Besi</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Balita sangat membutuhkan zat besi
terutama untuk membantu perkembangan otaknya. Jika kebutuhan gizi balita akan
zat besi tidak terpenuhi, kemungkinan ia akan mengalami kelambanan dalam fungsi
kerja otak. Sumber makanan yang mengandung zat besi antara lain daging, ikan,
brokoli, telur, bayam, kedelai serta alpukat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; margin-left: 72.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-background-themecolor: background1; mso-list: l15 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">MASALAH
GIZI PADA BAYI</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Masalah kesehatan yang biasa terjadi pada anak yang
berhubungan dengan masalah pemenuhan gizinya yaitu, diantara lain.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Anemia
Defisiensi Besi</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Keadaan
ini terjadi karena terlalu sedikit kandungan zat besi dalam makanan, terutama
pada anak yang terlalu banyak mengonsumsi susu sehingga menegendurkan keinginan
untuk menyantap makanan lain. Untuk mengatasi keadaan ini, disamping memberikan
suplementasi zat besi (jika dokter menganggap ini perlu), anak harus pula
diberi dan dibiasakan menyantap makanan yang mengandung banyak besi. Sementara
itu, sebagian susu diganti dengan air atau air jeruk. Meski tidak mengandung
besi, air jeruk kaya akan vitamin C yang dapat membantu penyerapan besi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit
Kronis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Penyakit
yang tidak menguras cadangan energi sekalipun, jika berlangsung lama dapat
mengganggu pertumbuhan karena menghilangkan nafsu makan anak. Di samping itu,
ada pula jenis penyakit yang menguras cadangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>vitamin A.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat
Badan Berlebih</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Jika
tidak tertasi, berat badan berlebih (apalagi jika telah mencapai obesitas) akan
berlanjut sampai remaja dan dewasa. Sama seperti orang dewasa, kelebihan berat
badan anak terjadi karena ketidakseimbangan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>antara energi yang masuk dengan keluar, terlalu banyak makan, terlalu
sedikit olahraga, atau keduanya. Berbeda dengan dewasa, kelebihan berat anak
tidak boleh diturunkan, karena penyusutan berat akan sekaligus menghilangkan
zat gizi yang diperlukan untuk pertumbuhan. Laju pertambahan berat selayaknya
dihentikan atau diperlambat sampai proposi berat terhadap tinggi badan kembali
normal. Perlambatan ini dapat dicapai dengan cara mengurangi makan sambil
memperbanyak olahraga.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Pica</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Yaitu
mengonsumsi sesuatu bukan makanan, semisal debu, tergolong ke dalam pica.
Perilaku tersebut tidak membahayakan hidup anak sejauh dia tidak menyantap zat
toksik. Pica harus dibedakan dengan ‘kebiasaan’ anak, terutama balita,
memasukkan barang kedalam mulut. Pada masa balita, anak menggunakan mulut untuk
belajar, misal menggigiti kelereng, dan ini bukan pica.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Televisi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sesungguhnya
bukan televisi yang menimbulkan masalah gizi, melainkan dampak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tayangnya, terlebih iklan yang dilakonkan
oleh anak. Pemirsa anak yang belum dapat berpikir kritis mudah terbujuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan hampir seketika menyukai, misalkan
keripik kentang, permen, atau makanan lain yang “tak bergizi” yang iklannya
dibintangi oleh sebaya mereka. Iklan makanan anak bergizi jarang sekali
ditayangkan. Hal ini sulit sekali diatasi. Satu-satunya cara yang efektif untuk
menghindarkan tayangan “buruk” itu adalah dengan mematikan TV atau memindahkan
ke saluran lain, yaitu saluran yang tidak menayangkan iklan ketika iklan yang
tidak diinginkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu tampil di layar
TV. Jika anak (besar) sudah dapat diajak berkomunikasi, berikan pengajaran
tentang dampak negative makanan yang diiklankan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Berat
Badan Kurang</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Kekurangan
berat yang berlangsung pada anak yang sedang tumbuh merupakan masalah serius.
Kondisi ini mencerminkan kebiasaan makan yang buruk. Sama seperti masalah
klebihan berat, langkah penanganan harus didasarkan pada penyebab serta
kemungkinan pemecahannya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l20 level1 lfo25; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.2pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Alergi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Secara
literal, alergi makanan diartikan sebagai respons tidak normal terhadap makanan
yang orang biasa dapat menoleransinya. Alergi makanan tidak jarang terlihat
pada anak (5-8%) dan dewasa (1-2%), terutama mereka yang memiliki riwayat
keluarga sebagai penderita alergi. Angka kejadian ini akan terus meningkat sama
seperti kasus alergi lain semisal atopic atau asma.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Bergantung
pada jenis makanan yang disantap, alergi boleh jadi bersifat sementara atau
bahkan menetap. Alergi yang dipicu oleh susu, kedelai, telur, dan tepung terigu
dapat reda sendiri, sementara yang disebabkan oleh kacang, ikan dan kerang
cenderung menetap. Kebanyakan alergi susu muncul pada tahun pertama kehidupan
ketika anak diperkenalkan pada susu sapi atau susu formula yang dibuat dari
susu sapi. Alergi ini didapat mereda sejalan dengan pertambahan usia, kecuali
mereka yang memang bersifat ‘atopik’.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Prefalensi
alergi terhadap telur diperkirakan sekitar 1,6-2,6% dari populasi anak.
Dikalangan penderita dermatitis atopic, angka ini lebih tinggi lagi. Reaksi
alergi terlihat kira-kira 30 menit setelah santap, yang termanifestasi sebagai
gangguan kulit (85%), saluran cerna saluran cerna (60%), dan pernapasan (40%).
Memasuki usia sekolah, sebagian anak (44%) kembali dapat menikmati telur tanpa
khawatir alergi, sementara sisanya (56%) tidak.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 54.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Angka
prevasi terhadap kacang hanya menyentuk angka 0,6%. Gejala yang muncul pada
kali pertama menyantap kacang terjadi kurang dari 30 menit (90%),
bermanifestasi mulai dari gangguan kulit hingga pernapasan. Gejala akan semakin
berat (40% pada santapan berikutnya). Sementara 20% anak yang tadinya alergi
justru dapat mengunyah kacang dengan aman pada santapan berikutnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 150%; mso-background-themecolor: background1; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">BAB III</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">PENUTUP</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo26; text-indent: -19.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">KESIMPULAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Makanan
pertama dan utama pada bayi yaitu air susu ibu. Air susu ibu sangat cocok untuk
memenuhi kebutuhan bayi dalam segala hal. Namun bayi juga memerlukan zat-zat
gizi agar dapat tumbuh dan berkembang dengan baik. Zat-zat gizi yang diperlukan
tersebut termasuk kedalam golongan pembangun, pengatur serta pembangun, yang
disebut pula dengan zat atau sumber tenaga.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 22.5pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Semakin umur
bayi bertambah maka makanan yang harus di konsumsi pun mengalami perubahan,
mulai dari ASI hingga menyapih makanan. Menyapih, secara harfiah berarti
membiasakan. Maksudnya, bayi secara berangsur-angsur dibiasakan menyantap
makanan orang dewasa. Selama masa penyapihan, makanan bayi berubah dari ASI
saja kemakanan yang lazim dihidangkan oleh keluarga, sementara air susu
diberikan hanya sebagai makanan tambahan. Dalam pemenuhan kebutuhan tersebut,
terdapat kendala yang dihadapi. Misalnya saja kemampuan material untuk memenuhi
kebutuhan tersebut atau ketidakmampuan tubuh bayi atau balita untuk menerima
zat-zat tersebut. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo26; text-align: justify; text-indent: -19.5pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">SARAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Sebaiknya kita lebih
meningkatkan pengtahuan mengenai kepekaan dan kepedulian akan pentingnya gizi
bagi tumbuh kembang seorang bayi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan
balita. Terutama pada masa tumbuh kembangnya. Dan itu juga akan berpengaruh pada
perkembangan stimulus maupun respon baik pada anak dan balita. </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 22.5pt; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 115%; margin-bottom: 10.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Arisman.
(2004), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Gizi Dalam Daur Kehidupan: Buku
Ajar Ilmu Gizi</i>. Jakarta: EGC</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Gabe Mirkin, M.D. dan Marshall
Hoffman. 1984. <i>Kesehatan Olahraga</i>. Jakarta: PT.Grafidian Jaya</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Drs. Joko Pekik Irianto M.Kes. 2007.
<i>Panduan Gizi Lengkap Keluarga dan Olahragawan</i>. Yogyakarta: Penerbit Andi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Moehji,
Sjahmien, B.Sc. 1992. <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Ilmu Gizi</i>.
Jakarta: Bhratara Niaga Media</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Wiryo,
Hananto. (2002), <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Peningkatan Gizi Bayi,
Anak, Ibu Hamil dan Menyusui dengan Makanan Lokal</i>. Jakarta: Sagung Seto</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://duniaanak.org/author/fikhar" title="Posts by Tips Anak Bayi fikhar"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Tips Anak Bayi fikhar</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. (2012). <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Beberapa Nutrisi Penting Bagi Balita Anda</i></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><a href="http://duniaanak.org/makanan-anak/gizi-balita-beberapa-nutrisi-penting-balita.html"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://duniaanak.org/makanan-anak/gizi-balita-beberapa-nutrisi-penting-balita.html</span></a><u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">.</span></u><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">
Diambil pada tanggal 11 September 2013. Pukul 06:45 WITA</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">Reki.
(2003). </span><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Kebutuhan
Gizi Bayi</span></i></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;"><a href="http://kamusbahasaindonesia.org/ilmu/mirip#ixzz2eaK4mf00"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">http://kamusbahasaindonesia.org/ilmu/mirip#ixzz2eaK4mf00</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">. Diambil pada tanggal 24 September
2013. Pukul 13:41 WITA</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; mso-outline-level: 1;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/8744990/Makalah_kebutuhan_Gizi_Bayi_dan_Balita"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">https://www.academia.edu/8744990/Makalah_kebutuhan_Gizi_Bayi_dan_Balita</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-left: 27.0pt; mso-outline-level: 1;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p></p>Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-78026728679352193682020-10-22T20:10:00.002-07:002020-10-22T20:10:21.135-07:00KELAINAN HAID<p> </p><p><!--[if !mso]>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> BAB I</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Latar Belakang</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Haid
merupakan proses kematangan seksual bagi seorang wanita (LK lee dkk, 2006).
Haid adalah pendarahan secara periodik dan siklik dari uterus, disertai
pelepasan (deskuamasi) endometrium (Wiknjosastro, 2010). Panjang siklus haid
yang normal atau dianggap sebagai suatu siklus yang klasik adalah 28 hari ,
tetapi cukup bervariasi tidak sama untuk setiap wanita (Guyton, 2006). Lama
haid biasanya antara 3-5 hari, ada yang 1-2 hari diikuti darah sedikit- sedikit
dan ada yang sampai 7-8 hari. Jumlah darah normal yang keluar rata-rata 33,2 ±
16 cc. Rata-rata panjang siklus haid pada gadis usia 12 tahun ialah 25,1 hari,
pada wanita usia 43 tahun 27,1 hari dan pada wanita usia 55 tahun ialah 51,9
hari (Wiknjosastro, 2010).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Siklus haid
yang terjadi diluar keadaan normal, atau dengan kata lain tidak berada pada
interval pola haid pada rentang waktu kurang dari 21 atau lebih dari 35 hari
dengan interval pendarahan uterus normal kurang dari 3 atau lebih dari7 hari
disebut siklus menstruasi/haid yang tidak teratur (Berek, 2002). Gangguan Haid
digolongkan atas 4 bagian yaitu kelainan banyaknya darah dan lamanya pendarahan
pada haid, kelainan siklus, perdarahan di luar haid, gangguan haid yang ada
hubungannya dengan haid (Wiknjosastro, 2010).Menurut Berek (2002) ada enam jenis
gangguan menstruasi yang termasuk kedalam siklus menstruasi yang tidak teratur
adalah oligomenorea, polimenorea, menoragia, metroragia, menometroragia,
hipomenorea.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Perubahan
pola haid dipengaruhi usia seseorang (Wiknjosastro, 2008), pemakaian kontrasepsi
(Moller AR, 2006), penyakit pada ovarium misalnya: tumor,kelainan pada sistem
saraf pusat- Hipotalamus dan Hipofisis (Benson, Ralph C. dan Pernoll, Martin
L., 2009). Perubahan pola haid normalnya terjadi pada kedua ujung siklus haid
,yaitu waktu remaja dan menjelang menoupause. Dalam siklus haid masa remaja dan
menjelang menoupase, dinding rahimnya hanya dirangsang pertumbuhannya oleh
estrogen.Hanya hormon FSH saja yang dikeluarkan oleh kelenjar bawah
otak.Akibatnya siklus haid tidak teratur (Moller AR, 2006).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menstruasi
atau haid sama tuanya dengan sejarah umat manusia, namun sampai sekarang masih
merupakan topik yang banyak menarik minat sebagian besar kalangan wanita karena
setiap bulan wanita mengalami menstruasi sering mengalami nyeri haid. Nyeri
haid ini timbul bersamaan dengan menstruasi, sebelum menstruasi atau bisa juga
segera setelah menstruasi (Marsden et al, 2004).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Gangguan
menstruasi merupakan indikator penting yang menunjukkan adanya gangguan fungsi
sistem reproduksi yang dapat dihubungkan dengan peningkatan risiko berbagai
penyakit seperti kanker rahim dan payudara, infertilitas, serta fracture
tulang.4 Perubahan panjang dan gangguan keteraturan siklus menstruasi
menggambarkan adanya perubahan produksi hormon reproduksi.5 Pemendekan masa folikuler
menyebabkan siklus menstruasi menjadi lebih singkat (polimenore) berhubungan
dengan penurunan kesuburan dan keguguran; sedangkan pemanjangan siklus
menstruasi (oligomenore) berhubungan dengan kejadian anovulasi, infertilitas,
dan keguguran.4 Siklus menstruasi dikatakan normal jika jarak antara hari
pertama keluarnya darah menstruasi dan hari pertama menstruasi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Nyeri haid
atau dismenore adalah gangguan ditandai dengan nyeri perut bagian bawah yang
terjadi selama menstruasi, tetapi rasa sakit mungkin mulai hari ke-2 atau lebih
sebelum menstruasi.Hal ini kadang-kadang dikaitkan dengan sakit kepala, mual,
muntah, sakit perut yang difus, sakit punggung, malaise umum, kelemahan, dan
gejala gastrointestinal lainnya.Dismenore dibagi menjadi primer dan sekunder.Dismenore
primer terjadi segera setelah menarche biasanya pada 6 sampai 12 bulan pertama
dan selalu berhubungan dengan siklus ovulasi sedangkan dismenore sekunder
adalah nyeri menstruasi yang berhubungan kelainan patologis panggul.Dismenore
sering terabaikan karena dokter tidak sepenuhnya menyadari prevalensi dan
morbiditasnya yang tinggi (Marsden et al, 2004).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Di Amerika
Serikat, dismenore adalah penyebab paling utama ketidakhadiran berulang di
sekolah. Beberapa penelitian telah menunjukkan bahwa, remaja dengan dismenore,
mengalami penuruanan pada prestasi akademis, sosial dan kegiatan olahraga
(Singh et al, 2008).Remaja yang mengalami dismenore pada saat menstruasi
mempunyai lebih banyak hari libur kerja dan prestasinya kurang begitu baik
disekolah dibandingkan remaja yang tidak terkena dismenore (Marsden et al,
2004).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Wanita usia
reproduktif banyak memiliki masalah menstruasi atau haid yang abnormal,seperti
sindrom menstruasi dan menstruasi yang tidak teratur (Johnson,2004).
Wanita-wanita usia reproduktif zaman modern seperti sekarang ini sering
dihadapkan pada berbagai masalah-masalah psikososial, medis dan ekonomi,
sehingga dapat menimbulkan stres bagi wanita yang tidak mampu beradaptasi
dengan tekanan eksternal dan internal. Sehingga stres dapat dikatakan sebagai
faktor etiologi dari gangguan menstruasi.(Kaplan and Manuck, 2004; Wang dkk,
2004).Stres merupakan suatu respon fisiologis, psikologis manusia yang mencoba
untuk mengadaptasi dan mengatur baik tekanan internal dan eksternal (Pinel,
2009).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Menurut
Harahap (2001), hasil angket yang diberikan kepada peserta pelatihan di salah
satu pusat industri di Indonesia menunjukkan keluhan buruh wanita (Jumlah
responden 55 orang), antara lain nyeri haid 58,18%, menstruasi yang tidak
teratur 41,82%, nyeri pinggang 34,55% dan nyeri perut bagian bawah 16,36%.
Gambaran tersebut sangat menunjukkan adanya buruh yang mengalami beberapa
gejala yang terkait dengan kesehatan reproduksi. Keluhan itu dialami oleh buruh
wanita usia reproduksi sehingga kondisi pun di khawatir akan menganggu
produktivitas mereka.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Berdasarkan
penelitian yang dilakukan Desty Nur Isnaeni (2010) di Universitas Sebelas Maret
pada mahasiswa D4 kebidanan jalur reguler, didapatkan bahwa siklus menstruasi
normal sejumlah 58,90%, siklus menstruasi normal dengan dismenorea sejumlah
28,77%, siklus menstruasi polimenorea sejumlah 2,74%, siklus menstruasi
oligomenorea sejumlah 4,11%, siklus oligomenorea dengan dismenorea sejumlah
5,48% serta tidak ditemukan yang mengalami siklus menstruasi polimenorea dengan
dismenorea. Berdasarkan uraian di atas penulis tertarik untuk membuat makalah
tentang “Gangguan Menstruasi”.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Rumusan
Masalah</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Berdasarkan uraian diatas penulis
mengemukakan beberapa point yang menjadi rumusan masalah penyusunan makah ini,
yaitu :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Apa definisi dari gangguan menstruasi ?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Bagaimana etiologi dari gangguan menstruasi ?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 39.3pt; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Apa saja klasifikasi gangguan menstruasi ?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">BAB II</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Definisi Gangguan Menstruasi</span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimlBrJiy-pNfg9KIxpvAejLp6ch0C0FwONN2VQzDDlE6dsDiO-LVSITWjI0QoQpFAoH9IHxMXkqsQuVnjttlzeLaDHEzcahHKq5JEwTxSIKkUbb0Wl0LX-qNEvoeybPJ3pEqZQ2ADdHmA/s886/haid.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="886" data-original-width="886" height="320" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEimlBrJiy-pNfg9KIxpvAejLp6ch0C0FwONN2VQzDDlE6dsDiO-LVSITWjI0QoQpFAoH9IHxMXkqsQuVnjttlzeLaDHEzcahHKq5JEwTxSIKkUbb0Wl0LX-qNEvoeybPJ3pEqZQ2ADdHmA/s320/haid.jpg" /></a></b></div><p></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></b></p><p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Gangguan menstruasi adalah
kondisi ketika siklus menstruasi mengalami anomali atau kelainan. Hal ini bisa
berupa perdarahan menstruasi yang terlalu banyak atau terlalu sedikit, siklus
menstruasi yang tidak beraturan, dan bahkan tidak haid sama sekali.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Gangguan menstruasi
merupakan keluhan yang sering menyebabkan seorang wanita datang berobat ke
dokter atau ke tempat pertolongan pertama. Keluhan gangguan menstruasi
bervariasi dari ringan sampai berat dan tidak jarang menyebabkan rasa frustasi
baik bagi penderita, keluarganya bahkan dokter yang merawatnya. Selain
menyebabkan gangguan kesehatan, gangguan menstruasi ternyata berpengaruh pada
aktivitas sehari-hari dan mengganggu emosional si penderita. (Sarwono, 2011)</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Gangguan haid adalah
perdarahan haid yang tidak normal dalam hal : panjang siklus haid, lama haid,
dan jumlah darah haid. Melibatkan hipotalamus, hipofisis, ovarium dan
endometrium.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-indent: -14.7pt;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Haid dikatakan normal
apabila:</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Berlangsung antara 25-35 hari atau 21-31 hari</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Estrogen dihasilkan oleh follikel & korpus luteum</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Peningkatan Estrogen pada midsiklus → lonjakan LH → ovulasi</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">P dihasilkan hanya oleh korpus luteum</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Korpus luteum ada hanya jika terjadi ovulasi</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Umur korpus luteum ±10-14 hari</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Fase luteal/F.sekresi ±14 hari (hampir selalu tetap)</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Fase folikulogenesis/F.proliferasi variasi antara 7-21 hari</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Etiologi Gangguan Menstruasi</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Kelainan haid biasanya
terjadi karena ketidak seimbangan hormon-hormon yang mengatur haid, namun dapat
juga disebabkan oleh kondisi medis lainnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Factor penyebab gangguan
menstruasi secara fisiologis adalah berkaitan dengan umur yaitu terjadi sebelum
pubertas atau dalam masa menopause, dalam kehamilan, dalam masa laktasi maupun
gangguan pada aksis hipotalamus-hipofisis-ovarium, kelainan kongenital,
gangguan system hormonal, masalah kesuburan endometrium, penyakit-penyakit
lain, terdapat tumor di alat kelamin, terdapat penyakit menahun,
ketidakstabilan emosi dan kurang zat makanan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>(gangguan gizi), gangguan metabolisme,serta mempunyai nilai gizi lebih
yang berkaitan dengan status ekonomi dan pekerjaan (</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Yamamoto, K, 2009</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">).</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo3; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Klasifikasi Gangguan Menstruasi</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo5; text-align: justify; text-indent: -14.15pt;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Oligomenorrhea</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Oligomenorrhea disebut juga
sebagai haid jarang atau siklus panjang. Oligomenorrhea terjadi bila siklus
lebih dari 35 hari. Darah haid biasanya berkurang. Oligomenorrhea biasanya
berhubungan dengan anovulasi atau dapat juga disebabkan kelainan endokrin
seperti kehamilan, gangguan hipofise-hipotalamus, dan menopouse atau sebab
sistemik seperti kehilangan berat badan berlebih.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Gejala oligomenorrhea
terdiri dari periode menstruasi yang lebih panjang dari 35 hari dimana hanya
didapatkan 4-9 periode dalam 1 tahun. Beberapa wanita dengan oligomenorrhea
mungkin sulit hamil. Bila kadar estrogen yang menjadi penyebab, wanita tersebut
mungkin mengalami osteoporosis dan penyakit kardiovaskular. Wanita tersebut
juga memiliki resiko besar untuk mengalami kanker uterus.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Pengobatan oligomenorrhea
tergantung dengan penyebab. Pada oligomenorrhea dengan anovulatoir serta pada
remaja dan wanita yang mendekati menopouse tidak memerlukan terapi. Perbaikan
status gizi pada penderita dengan gangguan nutrisi dapat memperbaiki keadaan
oligomenorrhea. Oligomenorrhea sering diobati dengan pil KB untuk memperbaiki
ketidakseimbangan hormonal.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Komplikasi yang paling
menakutkan adalah terganggunya fertilitas dan stress emosional pada penderita
sehingga dapat meperburuk terjadinya kelainan haid lebih lanjut. Prognosa akan
buruk bila oligomenorrhea mengarah pada infertilitas atau tanda dari keganasan.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">b.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Menorrhagia</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Menorrhagia adalah pengeluaran darah haid
yang terlalu banyak (lebih dari 8 hari dan 80ml/hari) dan biasanya disertai
dengan bekuan darah sewaktu menstruasi. Etiologi menorrhagia dikelompokan dalam
4 kategori yaitu, (1) Gangguan pembekuan, (2) Disfunctional uterine bleeding
(DUB), (3) Gangguan pada organ dalam pelvic, (4) Gangguan medis lainnya</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>c.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Hipomenorrhea (kriptomenorrhea)</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Hipomenorrhea adalah suatu keadan dimana
jumlah darah haid sangat sedikit (<30cc), kadang-kadang hanya berupa
spotting. Dapat disebabkan oleh stenosis pada himen, servik atau uterus. Pasien
dengan obat kontrasepsi kadang memberikan keluhan ini. Hal ini juga dapat
terjadi pada hipoplasia uteri dimana jaringan endometrium sedikit.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt 2.0cm; text-indent: -2.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>d. </span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Metroragia</span></p>
<p style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Terkadang
disebut juga sebagai perdarahan disfungsional uterus, adalah istilah medis yang
digunakan untuk mendeskripsikan siklus haid yang tidak teratur. Jika Ibu
mengalami kondisi ini, menstruasi Ibu tampak normal (jumlah darah yang Ibu
keluarkan dan jumlah hari berlangsungnya menstruasi sama dengan menstruasi
normal), tapi terjadi dalam interval yang tidak sewajarnya (lebih dari 35 hari
atau kurang dari 21 hari jaraknya), di interval yang tidak bisa diprediksi,
atau malah kombinasi keduanya.</span></p>
<p align="center" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt 2.0cm; text-align: center; text-indent: -2.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Metroragia
paling sering terjadi ketika Ibu mengalami stres, memiliki kadar tiroid yang
rendah, ataupun hormon yang naik-turun yang bisa terjadi ketika Ibu mulai,
berhenti, atau lupa tidak mengonsumsi pil KB, koyo KB, atau suplemen lain yang
mengandung estrogen yang diresepkan dokter Ibu.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Karena
gejala utama metroragia adalah waktu dan frekuensi menstruasi yang tidak
teratur, catatan siklus menstruasi (dengan menandai hari pertama dan hari
terakhir menstruasi Ibu di kalender selama beberapa bulan) akan membantu Ibu
mempelajari apakah siklus menstruasi Ibu tidak teratur atau hanya sedikit lebih
pendek (atau lebih panjang) rentangnya daripada 28 hari yang umumnya dimiliki
para wanita. Hal ini juga bisa membantu dokter Ibu untuk memberikan perawatan
yang lebih tepat jika dibutuhkan. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 42.55pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jika menstruasi yang tidak teratur
mengganggu Ibu atau membuat Ibu sulit hamil, karena Ibu jadi tidak bisa melacak
siklus ovulasi Ibu, dokter mungkin akan menyarankan Ibu untuk mengikuti
pengobatan metroragia, misalnya dengan terapi hormon.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>e. <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Dismenorea</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Dismenorea adalah gangguan ginekologik berupa
nyeri saat menstruasi, yang umumnya berupa kram dan terpusat di bagian perut
bawah.Rasa kram ini seringkali disertai dengan nyeri punggung bawah, mual
muntah, sakit kepala atau diare. Istilah dismenorea hanya dipakai jika nyeri
terjadi demikian hebatnya, oleh karena hampir semua wanita mengalami rasa tidak
enak di perut bagian bawah sebelum dan selama haid. Dikatatakan demikian apabila
nyeri yang terjadi ini memaksa penderita untuk beristirahat dan meninggalkan
aktivitasnya untuk beberapa jam atau hari. Dismenorea dibagi menjadi dua yaitu
:</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Dismenorea primer</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Dismenorea primer adalah proses normal yang dialami
ketika menstruasi. Kram menstruasi primer disebabkan oleh kontraksi otot rahim
yang sangat intens, yang dimaksudkan untuk melepaskan lapisan dinding rahim
yang tidak diperlukan lagi. Dismenorea primer disebabkan oleh zat kimia alami
yang diproduksi oleh sel-sel lapisan dinding rahim yang disebut prostaglandin.
Prostaglandin akan merangsang otot otot halus dinding rahim berkontraksi. Makin
tinggi kadar prostaglandin, kontraksi akan makin kuat, sehingga rasa nyeri yang
dirasakan juga makin kuat. Biasanya, pada hari pertama menstruasi kadar
prostaglandin sangat tinggi. Pada hari kedua dan selanjutnya, lapisan dinding
rahim akan mulai terlepas, dan kadar prostaglandin akan menurun. Rasa sakit dan
nyeri haid pun akan berkurang seiring dengan makin menurunnya kadar
prostaglandin.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level3 lfo1; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Dismenorea sekunder</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 78.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 21.25pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Merujuk pada nyeri saat menstruasi yang
diasosiasikan dengan kelainan pelvis, seperti endometriosis, adenomiosis, mioma
uterina dan lainnya. Oleh karena itu, dismenorea sekunder umumnya berhubungan
dengan gejala ginekologik lain seperti disuria, dispareunia, perdarahan
abnormal atau infertilitas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="background: white; line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"> </span></b><br /></p><br /><p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"> </span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">BAB III</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">PENUTUP</span></b><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"></span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo6; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -144.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Kesimpulan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 21.3pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Gangguan menstruasi
merupakan keluhan yang sering menyebabkan seorang wanita datang berobat ke
dokter atau ke tempat pertolongan pertama. Keluhan gangguan menstruasi bervariasi
dari ringan sampai berat dan tidak jarang menyebabkan rasa frustasi baik bagi
penderita, keluarganya bahkan dokter yang merawatnya. Selain menyebabkan
gangguan kesehatan, gangguan menstruasi ternyata berpengaruh pada aktivitas
sehari-hari dan mengganggu emosional si penderita. (Sarwono, 2011)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;"><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.0pt; mso-list: l0 level4 lfo6; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -144.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Saran</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Pada pembahasan ini tentang gangguan menstruasi,
betapa pentingnya benar-benar diperhatikan dan dapat bermanfaat bagi kita semua
untuk mengantisipasi dari pada bentuk gangguan menstruasi yang seringkali
diremehkan dan tidak diperhatikan.</span></p>
<b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -144.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 144.0pt; text-align: center; text-indent: -144.0pt;"><b><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 200%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 1.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Barsom SH., et. al.
2004. Association Between Psychological Stress And Menstrual Cycle
Characteristics In Perimenopausal Women. Women's Health Issues, 2014. DOI:
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<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Benson, Ralp
C & Martin L. Pernol. 2009. Buku Saku Obstetri & Ginekologi. Edisi 9.
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<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Berek S.J “Novak’s Gynecology”, 13th Ed.
Lippincott William & Wilkins ; 2002:518.</span></p>
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M. Marsden,J. E. dan Romero,L. A. 2004.Tippe Top Inversion as aDissipation-Induced
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<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-fareast-language: EN-ID;">Guyton AC, Hall JE. <i>Buku Ajar Fisiologi
Kedokteran. Edisi 11</i>. Penterjemah: Irawati, Ramadani D, Indriyani F.
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<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Harahap,
2001, dalam Kurniawati D. 2008.Pengaruh Dismenore Terhadap Aktivitas Pada Siswi
SMK Batik 1 Surakarta. Available from: </span><span lang="EN-US"><a href="http://etd.eprints.ums.ac.id/2737/"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">http://etd.eprints.ums.ac.id/2737/</span></a></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Sarwono,
2011. Buku Acuan Nasional Pelayanan Kesehatan Maternal Dan Neonatal, TBS-SP, Jakarta.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNoSpacing" style="line-height: 200%; margin-left: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -1.0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 200%; mso-bidi-font-family: Calibri; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-latin;">Johnson,
S.R., 2004. Premenstrual Syndrome, Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder, and Beyond:
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<p></p>Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-37757764713804695252020-10-22T20:08:00.001-07:002020-10-22T20:08:08.043-07:00Macam-macam klien dalam askeb dan konsep pengambilan keputusan dan strategi pengambilan keputusan<p> </p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-transform: uppercase;">Macam-macam klien dalam askeb dan konsep pengambilan keputusan dan strategi
pengambilan keputusan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> <br /></span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH6q-h5lzMB4Kse58xiRFvke03LTa8MeRQgjW3wnWLk4nezqDKFvUmFARdAkVqFly5qQj0H-IeuJit3j8GY2rbr_cbcKooZCf5cvzPXYPTtaho9x-prdmblN6frBJO0ThySmQkKrL6NXY/s300/konsultasi-kb.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="300" data-original-width="300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgH6q-h5lzMB4Kse58xiRFvke03LTa8MeRQgjW3wnWLk4nezqDKFvUmFARdAkVqFly5qQj0H-IeuJit3j8GY2rbr_cbcKooZCf5cvzPXYPTtaho9x-prdmblN6frBJO0ThySmQkKrL6NXY/s0/konsultasi-kb.jpg" /></a></b></div><b><br /> A.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Macam-macam
klien dalam Asuhan Kebidanan</b><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komunikasi
Pada Bayi dan Balita</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komunikasi
bayi dimulai sejak dia lahir ke dunia, dimulai ketika bayi mulai menangis sampai
bayi dapat bicara lancar, adapun prosesnya dari bayi menangis sampai bisa
berkata-kata belum dipahami secara pasti.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fase pertumbuhan dan perkembangan komunikasi pada bayi
meliputi:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fase <i>prelinguistic </i>(fase sebelum
bicara)</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Suara
pertama yang dikeluarkan bayi baru lahir adalah tangis sebagai reaksi terhadap
perubahan tekanan udara dan suhu luar uterin. Kebutuhan dikomunikasikan lewat
tangis sampai usia satu tahun, pada saat usia anak dua sampai tiga minggu
seharuanya orang tua sudah dapat membedakan tangis bayi. Biasanya bayi menangis
karena lapar, pantat basah, kesakitan atau minta perhatian. Untuk dapat
membedakan kita harus mengenali tangisan bayi:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tangis
lapar biasanya bayi menangis dengan suara mendatar dan meningkat sesuai
kebutuhan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tangis
kesakitan, bayi mengeluarkan teriakan yang mendadak karena bayi terkejut</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) Tangis tidak nyaman atau minta perhatian bayi akan
menangis yang berlangsung terus menerus</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kata pertama</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kata
pertama mungkin tidak disadari oleh orang tuanya karena anak banyak akal untuk
mengerti perlu mendengar apa yang dikatakan anak sehubungan dengan apa yang
dikerjakan. Missal: “mam” bisa berarti mama, bisa juga berarti makan. Tahap
perkembangan anak pada lingkup kata pertama, antara lain:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Usia 10 –
12 bulan timbul pengertian pasif dari bahasa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bayi memberi respon terhadap kata yang familier
misalnya ada yang menyebut ibu maka dia akan berusaha mencari ibunya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bicara
sesungguhnya mulai usia 12 – 18 bulan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Satu kata
mengandung arti satu kalimat, misal : mengatakan makan berarti saya mau makan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menggunakan
empat kata pada usia 15 bulan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sepuluh
kata pada usia delapan belas bulan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kalimat pertama</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kalimat
anak seperti juga kata pertama, punya arti pribadi dan tidak ikut aturan tata
bahasa, misal anak bilang “makan” berarti “aku mau makan”. Jadi orang tua atau
orang disekitarnya harus tanggap terhadap kata-kata anak tersebut. Hal-hal yang
berkaitan dengan kalimat pertama meliputi:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Usia 2
tahun anak mulai menyusun kata.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Disebut
periode permulaan pembicaraan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kalimat
anak mempunyai arti pribadi, tidak ikut aturan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kadang-kadang
disusun kombinasi kata yang aneh.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kemampuan bicara egosentris </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kemampuan
bicara egosentris (berpusat pada diri sendiri) dibedakan tiga macam:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Repetitif
(pengulangan). Kata yang didengar diulang-ulang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Monolog
(berbicara satu arah) biasanya pada anak pra sekolah. Anak bicara sendiri
memainkan banyak peran dengan berkata-kata sendiri.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Monolog
kolektif. Beberapa anak berkumpul dalam suatu tempat tapi mereka bicara
sendiri-sendiri, biasanya asyik memainkan mainannya sendiri.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perkembangan semantik</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Semantik
adalah pengetahuan yang mempelajari arti dari kata pada bahasa yang diajarkan.
Anak pertama kali memahami arti konkrit dan jenis kata konkrit kemudian mulai
mengetahui arti dan jenis kata abstrak. Misalnya anak akan lebih memahami
kucing yang bisa dilihat daripada pahit,manis, dll. Kata abstrak dipelajari
setelah pada masa pra sekolah. Kata yang sulit untuk anak pra sekolah adalah
kata yang selain punya arti fisik juga punya arti psikologis. Contohnya: manis
bisa berarti sikap, tapi juga bisa berarti rasa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip komunikasi yang efektif pada anak</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengikuti
perkembangan psikologis anak</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kontak
kasih sayang orang tua dapat memperkuat kepribadian anak</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Pentingnya dalam komunikasi: belaian, dukungan dan
sentuhan akan menimbulkan rasa senang dan bahagia.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Dorongan bidan yaitu dengan membantu ibu serta
pihak lain dalam memberikan dukungan rangsang aktif dalam bahsa dan emosi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komunikasi
Pada Remaja</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Merujuk
pada Undang-undang Nomor 23 tahun 2002 tentang Perlindungan Anak, remaja adalah
mereka yang berusia 10 sampai 18 tahun. Sedangkan menurut <i>World Health
Organization</i> (WHO), yang dimaksud remaja adalah laki-laki dan perempuan
yang berusia 18 sampai 24 tahun.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Remaja
biasanya merupakan masa untuk mencari jati diri dan pengakuan. Sehingga dalam
situasi psikologis yang masih labil. Bila tidak diikuti dengan informasi-informasi
yang benar maka akan menimbulkan berbagai masalah yang menyangkut kenakalan
remaja.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Konseling
yang diberikan pada anak laki – laki dan perempuan pada masa remaja bertujuan
memberikan pemahaman dan upaya penyesuaian diri terhadap perubahan fisik dan emosi
yang terjadi pada usia remaja. Pelaksanaan konseling pada remaja menggunakan
pendekatan kelompok. Bidan perlu menjalin hubungan komunikasi terbuka dan
mengungkapkan hal-hal yang belum diketahui oleh remaja. Bidan dapat melakukan
komunikasi terapeutik pada remaja dengan menitikberatkan masalah:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perubahan
fisik/biologis sesuai usia</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Perubahan
emosi dan perilaku remaja</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kehamilan
pada remaja</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Narkotika</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kenakalan
remaja</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hambatan
dalam belajar</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komunikasi
yang efektif pada remaja harus memperhatikan hal-hal yang menyangkut dengan
remaja. Bahwa masa remaja adalah masa peralihan dari anak-anak menuju dewasa
baik secara jasmani maupun rohani. Jadi dalam komunikasi dengan remaja lebih
memperhatikan:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kenyamanan
remaja dalam menerima informasi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Memperhatikan cara pandang remaja dalam mensikapi
pesan yang disampaikan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>
Memfokuskan pada persoalan yang akan disampaikan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menggunakan
bahasa yang mudah dimengerti dan nyaman untuk didengar</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menjalin
sikap terbuka dan menumbuhkan kepercayaan pada remaja</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bisa
menguasai dan mengendalikan emosi pada remaja saat penyampaian pesan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menjalin
keakraban dengan remaja</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Bidan
sebagai konselor dalam masalah tersebut perlu melakukan pelayanan konseling,
baik pada keluarga dalam arti orang tua maupun remaja yang bermasalah.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komunikasi
Pada Calon Orang Tua</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Konseling
pada calon orangtua membantu pemahaman diri untuk menjadi orang tua, baik
sebagai ayah maupun sebagai ibu. Perubahan status kehidupan sesuai dengan
perkembangan terjadi secara alami. Salah satu peran bidan ketika menghadapi
klien adalah melaksanakan kegiatan bimbingan dan konseling kebidanan. Untuk
memperjelas arah konseling kebidanan pada calon orang tua, perlu adanya
pemahaman terlebih dahulu tentang hal – hal sebagai berikut :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Menjadi orang tua</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menjadi orang tua adalah suatu proses kehidupan yang
bermula dari terbentuknya pasangan suami istri menjadi keluarga dan berlanjut
dengan adanya keturunan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Tanggung jawab laki-laki sebagai kepala keluarga
dan sebagai ayah.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam perubahan status menjadi ayah atau kepala
keluarga, merupakan suatu keadaan yang membuat laki-laki secara psikologis
harus mampu membagi kasih terhadap istri dan anak. Memenuhi kebutuhan keluarga
secara fisik dan psikologis, secara moral dan material.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Tanggung jawab perempuan sebagai ibu dalam keluarga</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Peran ibu dalam keluarga sangat kompleks. Ibu
sebagai penerus keturunan, pendidik dalam keluarga dan sebagai pendamping suami
serta sebagai pelaksana, menjalankan perekonomian dalam keluarga bersama suami.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bidan dapat melakukan komunikasi terapeutik pada calon
ibu dengan lebih menitikberatkan kepada:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Memberikan penjelasan secara fisiologis peristiwa
yang disebut menstruasi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Memberikan bimbingan tentang perawatan diri
sehubungan dengan peristiwa menstruasi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Member bimbingan tentang persiapan perkawinan,
dihubungkan dengan NKKBS/keluarga berkualitas.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Persyaratan-persyaratan kesehatan yang sangat
menentukan sebagai calon ibu.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. Memberikan pemahaman dan upaya penyesuaian diri
terhadap perubahan fisik dan emosi dan peran yang terjadi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f. Menikah dan membentuk keluarga baru membutuhkan
konseling.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konseling pada orang tua karena berperan sebagai orang
tua yang baik:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Butuh penyesuaian dalam menghadapi kehidupan dan
lingkungan baru (dua keluarga menjadi satu)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Menjadi orang tua merupakan proses kehidupan
individu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Masalah perbedaan pasutri (pasangan suami istri)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Tanggung jawab laki-laki (ayah/kepala keluarga)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. Tanggung jawab perempuan sebagai penerus keturunan,
pendidik, pendamping suami, ekonomi keluarga</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f. Masalah-masalah yang dihadapi:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) Kesehatan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) Pendidikan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) Hubungan antar dan inter keluarga</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4) Psikososial (norma dan tata nilai)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komunikasi
Pada Wanita Hamil (masa antenatal)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Konseling
pada wanita hamil terutama ditujukan pada ibu dengan kehamilan pertama.
Konseling yang diberikan oleh bidan pada trimester pertama berkenaan dengan
perkembangan janin sesuai dengan usia kehamilan, serta perubahan yang terjadi
pada ibu. Konseling pada kehamilan trimester ketiga berfokus pada intervensi
yang diberikan pada klien berkenaan dengan keadaan janin dalam rahim, posisi
janin dan letak janin. Persiapan persalinan baik yang normal maupun yang tidak
normal didahului dengan penjelasan tanda persalinan. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peristiwa fisiologis: </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terjadi konsepsi (pertemuan sperma dan sel telur), ibu
tidak menstruasi, terjadi perubahan hormonal, hal ini yang menyebabkan kadang
ibu mengalami pusing, mual, tidak nafsu makan, peningkatan suhu tubuh dan
nampak <i>cloasma gravidarum, </i>BB bertambah, pembesaran uterus, sehingga
tadinya langsing menjadi montok, gendut, dan gerakan lambat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan psikologis: </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kehamilan merupakan arti emosional pada setiap wanita,
yang biasanya disertai perubahan-perubahan kejiwaan. Peristiwa-peristiwa
kejiwaan yang biasanya menyertai ibu hamil antara lain peristiwa ngidam
dibarengi dengan emosi-emosi yang kuat karena dorongan hormonal, ibu jadi peka,
mudah tersinggung, karena hamil umumnya menambah intensitas tekanan batin pada
psikisnya, tetapi dapat juga dijumpai ibu yang bangga dengan kehamilannya dan
bergairah menyambut kehadiran bayinya, bila merupakan peristiwa pertama.
Disamping perasaan gembira, rasa cemas pun timbul apa bayinya cacat/sehat, apa
melahirkan dengan lancar. Hal ini biasanya diperberat dengan kasus-kasus rumah
tangga.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal-hal yang menimbulkan kecemasan dan ketakutan pada
ibu hamil adalah:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Ibu hamil pertama belum punya pengalaman, contoh
adanya pergerakan anak, kelainan-kelainan kulit</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Anak yang tidak diharapkan, contoh pernah mau
digugurkan tetapi tidak gugur, takut anaknya cacat, kehamilan diluar nikah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Persalinan lalu tidak menyenangkan, contih anak
lahir tidak abnormal, anak meninggal, perdarahan, terlalu mengharap jenis
kelamin tertentu, umur ibu resiko tinggi, ibu menderita penyakit tertentu,
tidak mendapat dukungan suami atau keluarga yang lain, dll.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelaksanaan komunikasi terapeutik:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Bidan yang senantiasa berhubungan dengan bumil
diharapkan mampu melalaui tindakan pemeriksaan, penyuluhan, dan segala bentuk
kontak langsung dengan berbagai metode maupun bentuk hubungan. Mengadakan
komunikasi terapeutik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Komunikasi terapeutik diharapkan dapat merendam
pemunculan faktor psikososial yang berdampak negatif terhadap kehamilan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Bidan diharapkan membantu ibu sejak awal
kehamilannya untuk mengorganisasikan perasaannya, pikirannya, kekuatannya untuk
menerima, memelihara kehamilannya sehingga dapat melahirkan dengan lancar.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip komunikasi pada ibu hamil:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Pesan yang disampaikan sesuai dengan kondisi ibu
hamil</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Informasi yang diberikan menyangkut tentang
kehamilan dan persiapan melahirkan. Seperti ke hal-hal yang menyangkut
kesehatan serta pelayanan kesehatan yang diperlukan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Menciptakan kenyamanan dan keakraban saat
menyampaikan pesan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Tidak membuat penerima stress dengan info yan
disampaikan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komunikasi
Pada Ibu Bersalin (masa natal)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kelahiran
merupakan proses fisiologis yang diwarnai komponen psikologis. Akan tetapi
peristiwa yang dialami tiap orang berbeda.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan fisiologis:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Semakin tua kehamilan ibu semakin merasakan
gerakan-gerakan bayi, perut makinbesar, pergerakan ibu semakin tidak bebas, ibu
tidak nyaman. Kadang-kadang terjadi gangguan kencing, kaki bengkak.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Otot-otot panggul dan jalan lahir mekar</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Kontraksi uterus dipengaruhi syaraf-syaraf sympati,
parasympati, syaraf lokal otot uterus</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan psikologis:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Minggu-minggu terakhir dipengaruhi perasaan/emosi
dan ketegangan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Ibu cemas apa bayinya cacat, dapat lahir lancer</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Ibu takut darah, nyeri, takut mati</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Kecemasan ayah hampir sama dengan kecemasan ibu,
bedanya ayah tidak langsung merasakan efek kehamilan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelaksanaan komunikasi terapeutik pada ibu melahirkan:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Melihat
kecemasan pada ibu dan suami maka orientasi pelayanan bukan hanya ditujukan
pada ibu tetapi juga pada suami. Ibu dituntun untuk melakukan kegiatan-kegiatan
yang menunjang proses kelahiran. Suami dibesarkan hatinya, dijelaskan apa yang
terjadi pada istrinya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Komunikasi pada ibu bersalin difokuskan pada
teknik-teknik bersalin seperti teknik mengejan atau mengatur pernafasan dan
lain-lain</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Pemberian pesan harus sabar dalam memberikan
informasi pada saat ibu bersalin sehingga ibu yang sedang bersalin merasa
nyaman dan tanggap dengan isi pesan yang diberikan sehingga bisa mempratekkan
sesuai dengan apa yang diharapkan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komunikasi
Pada Ibu Nifas</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan fisiologis:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terjadi proses involusio, keluar lochea, perut ibu
kelihatan besar.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan psikologis:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Muncul berbagai ekspresi akibat berlalunya peristiwa
menentukan dalam hidupnya dan merupakan peristiwa mengesankan karena:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Ibu merasa bangga karena telah mengalami kesulitan,
kecemasan, kesakitan, penderitaan dengan tenaganya sendiri</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Ibu bahagia karena telah mendapat relasi dengan
bayinya, ingin cepat tau jenis kelamin, bentuk bayinya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Disamping itu muncul gejala-gejala psikis disebabkan:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Ibu mengalami kesenduan, kepedihan hati, kekecewaan
dan penderitaan batin missal karena anak hasil hubungan luar nikah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Jenis kelamin anak tidak sesuai harapan, bayi cacat
sehingga timbul rasa tidak cinta anaknya</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Ibu-ibu yang telah cerai, kelahiran anak merupakan
peristiwa tidak menyenangkan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelaksanaan komunikasi terapeutik:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Bidan harus hati-hati melakukan komunikasi karena
kestabilan emosi belum pulih seperti semula</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Orientasi pembicaraan lebih berkisar penerimaan
terhadap bayi serta kondisi fisik dan psikis ibu nifas</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip komunikasi pada ibu nifas:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Komunikasi difokuskan pada permasalahan kasusnya
masa nifas seperti cara menjaga kebersihan, perawatan bagi dan juga kesehatan
ibu dan anak. Serta pemulihan organ-organ reproduksi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Disesuaikan dengan kondisi ibu jika ada informasi
atau pesan yang memerlukan suatu tindakan khususnya dana</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Dalam menyampaikan informasi, pesan harus mudah
dimengerti dan dipahami oleh penerima</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Jika pesan memerlukan tindakan seperti cara
menyusui yang benar, maka pemberi pesan harus memberikan contoh melalui alat
media atau mempratekkan langsung pada ibu-ibu tersebut.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komunikasi
Pada Ibu Menyusui</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan fisiologis:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kelenjar susu mulai bekerja yang dipengaruhi hormon-hormon
maka mulailah masa menyusui</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan psikologis:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Ibu merasa terpisah dengan bayinya. Gejolak emosi
yang muncul: ibu cemas dengan keselamatan bayinya, cemas tidak dapat memberi
ASI dan perawatan cukup, tetapi ada juga yang sebaliknya benci kepada anaknya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Kondisi yang mencemaskan dimana ibu takut menyusui
bayinya, takut payudara jadi jelek, masalah lain karena ASI tidak keluar, takut
bayi kurang makan/ASI</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelaksanaan komunikasi:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Komunikasi ditekankan kepada peranan ibu untuk
memberikan air susunya kepada bayi sebagai wujud pertalian kasih sayang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komunikasi
Pada Akseptor Keluarga Berencana</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan fisiologis:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kadang-kadang muncul gangguan-gangguan sebagai akibat
dari efek samping kontrasepsi seperti pusing, BB bertambah, timbul flek-flek
pada wajah, menstruasi banyak/tidak teratur/tidak menstruasi, keputihan, libido
turun, dll.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan psikologis:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu measa cemas, takut akan
masalah-masalah/keluhan-keluhan yang terjadi, ibu takut terjadi kegagalan dalam
pemakaian alat kontrasepsi sehingga hamil.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelaksanaan komunikasi:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Komunikasi berorientasi kepada penjelasan efek
samping pemakaian kontrasepsi dan cara mengatasinya</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Cara kerja alat kontrasepsi dan cara pemakaiannya</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komunikasi
Pada Wanita Masa Klimakterium dan Menopause</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan fisiologis:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kadang-kadang muncul gangguan-gangguan yang menyertai
akibat menurunnya hormon estrogen dan progesteron, seperti haid tidak teratur,
keringat dingin, rasa panas di wajah (<i>hot flash</i>), jantung
berdebar-debar, sakit saat berhubungan seks (<i>dispareuni</i>), dll.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan psikologis:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu merasa cemas, takut akan
masalah-masalah/keluhan-keluhan yang terjadi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelaksanaan komunikasi:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Menjelaskan bahwa menopause adalah salah satu
siklus kehidupan wanita</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Deteksi dini terhadap kelainan yang berhubungan
dengan gangguan reproduksi pada usia subur maupun klimakterium</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. Memberikan informasi tempat-tempat pelayanan
kesehatan yang berkaitan dengan cek kesehatan khususnya kesehatan reproduksi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Membantu klien dalam pengambilan keputusan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. Komunikasi pada menopause harus memperhatikan
sifat-sifat dari menopause itu sendiri agar pesan yang disampaikan dapat
dicerna dengan baik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f. Karena fungsi dari organ tubuhnya mulai berkurang
maka komunikasi bisa menggunakan alat bantu untuk mempermudah dalam memahami
pesan yang disampaikan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g. Komunikasi bisa menggunakan beberapa pendekatan
diantaranya:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) Pendekatan biologis: yaitu menitikberatkan pada
perubahan-perubahan biologis yang terjadi pada menopause seperti anatomi
fisiologi serta kondisi patologi yang bersifat mutipel dan kelainan fungsional
pada menopause</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) Pendekatan psikologis: yaitu menitikberatkan pada
pemeliharaan dan pengembangan fungsi-fungsi kognitif, afektif, konatif, dan
kepribadian secara optimal</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) Pendekatan sosial budaya: yaitu menitikberatkan
pada masalah sosial budaya yang mempengaruhi menopause.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">10. Komunikasi Pada Wanita Dengan
Gangguan Reproduksi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan fisiologis:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Muncul gangguan-gangguan dan keluhan yang berhubungan
dengan organ reproduksi wanita, seperti keputihan, gangguan menstruasi,
infertilitas, kanker/tumor di organ reproduksi, penyakit menular seksual, dll.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Perubahan psikologis:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ibu merasa cemas, takut akan
masalah-masalah/keluhan-keluhan yang terjadi dan ketidaksiapan menerima
kenyataan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pelaksanaan komunikasi:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menjelaskan
penyebab/kemungkinan gangguan yang diderita ibu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Deteksi dini terhadap kelaianan yang berhubungan
dengan gangguan reproduksi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memberikan
informasi tempat-tempat pelayanan kesehatan yang berkaitan dengan cek kesehatan
atau rujukan khususnya kesehatan reproduksi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Membantu
klien dalam mengambil keputusan </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memberikan
support mental.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">B.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konsep Pengambilan Keputusan dan Strategi Pengambilan
Keputusan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">1)
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KONSEP PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proses pengambilan keputusan klinis dapat dijelaskan,
diajarkan, dan dipraktikkan secara gamblang. Kemampuan ini tidak hanya
tergantung pada pengumpulan informasi, tetapi tergantung juga pada kemampuan
untuk menyusun, menafsirkan, dan mengambil tindakan atas dasar informasi yang
didapat saat pengkajian. Kemampuan dalam pengambilan keputusan klinis sangat
tergantung pada pengalaman, pengetahuan, dan latihan/praktek. Ketiga faktor ini
sangat berpengaruh terhadap pengambilan keputusan klinis yang dibuat sehingga
menentukan tepat tidaknya tindakan yang petugas kesehatan berikan pada klien. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TEORI-TEORI
PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teori Utilitarisme - Prinsip dari teori ini adalah
kegunaan, bahwa tindakan moral yang benar adalah tindakan yang menghasilkan
hasil terbaik sebagai penentu perspectif. Ini memberi hasil yang seimbang pada
setiap kelompok.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teori Deontologi - mengingatkan kita pentingnya
rasional dalam pertimbangan dan standard moral bebas dari konsekuensi.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teori Hedonisme - Menurut Aristippos, sesuai
kodratnya, setiap manusia mencari kesenangan dan menghindari ketidaksenangan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teori Eudemonisme - Setiap kegiatan, manusia mengejar
tujuan, dan tujuan akhir manusia adalah kebahagiaan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Teori Kebaikan - Kebaikan disini mengacu pada
kemampuan untuk mencapai moral dan sifat yang baik yaitu moral yang bernilai
seperti kejujuran, integritas, lemah lembut, dan ketajaman</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">MODEL PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Model Thompson and Thompson<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Model Cassells and Redman<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Model Single </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Moral “Model” </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pendekatan Tradisional</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Proses Untuk Memecahkan Masalah Etika </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">LANGKAH-LANGKAH
PENYELESAIAN MASALAH</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ada lima hal pokok dalam pengambilan keputusan yaitu:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Intuisi berdasarkan perasaan,lebih subyektif dan mudah
terpengaruh. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Pengalaman mewarnai pengetahuan praktis, seringnya
terpapar suatu kasus meningkatkan kemampuan mengambil keputusan terhadap nsuatu
kasus.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Fakta, keputusan lebih riel, valit dan baik. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Wewenang lebih bersifat rutinitas. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l10 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Rasional, keputusan bersifat obyektif, trasparan,
konsisten.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">KERANGKA
PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bidan harus mempunyai responsibility and
accountability</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bidan harus menghargai wanita sebagai individu dan
melayani dengan hormat </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Center of attention in midwifery services is savety
and wellbeing </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Bidan berusaha menyokong pemahaman ibu tentang
kesejahteraan dan menyatakan pilihannya pada pengalaman situasi yang aman</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level2 lfo4; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sumber proses pengambilan keputusan dalam
kebidanan:<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pengetahuan (knowledge),
ajaran intrinsik, kemampuan berfikir kritis, kemampuan membuat keputusan klinis
yang logis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">E.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PENGAMBILAN
KEPUTUSAN YANG ETIS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ciri-ciri pengambilan keputusan yang etis adalah
sebagai berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Mempunyai pertimbangan yang benar atau salah</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Sering menyangkut pilihan yang sukar</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tidak mungkin dielakkan</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level2 lfo6; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dipengaruhi oleh norma, situasi, iman, dan lingkungan
social</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l11 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">F.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TIPE-TIPE
PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">A.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keputusan Aktif – Keputusan etik dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>moral judgment yang memacu untuk melakukan
tindakan dan membawa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perubahan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">B.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keputusan Pasif – Keputusan yang menolak, menunda atau
menghindari tindakan dan mempertahankan status quo dengan menolak atau merubah
tanggung jawab untuk menghindari tanggung jawab<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Keputusan program</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">C.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keputusan yang menggunakan petunjuk, membuat petunjuk,
prosedur dan aturan-aturan untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>guidelines, procedures, and rules untuk menentukan antisipasi,
rutinitas, kemungkinan tipe-tipe dilema moral.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l11 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">D.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keputusan Non-program - Keputusan yang membutuhkan
respon unik untuk moral dilema yang komplek dan tidak diharapkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">G.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">TINDAKAN
YANG PERLUDIPERHATIKAN DALAM PEMECAHAN MASALAH</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Tindakan selalu ditujukan untuk meningkatkan
kenyamanan dan kesejahteraan klien</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level2 lfo7; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menjamin tidak ada tindakan yang menghilangkan sesuatu
(ommision) disertai rasa tanggung jawab memperhatikan kondisi dan keamanan
pasien/klien.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">H.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">FAKTOR
YANG MEMPENGARUHI KEPUTUSAN KLIEN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fisik</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Emosional </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Rasional </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Praktikal</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Interpersonal</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo8; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Struktural </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">I.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></b><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">PEMBERIAN
INFORMASI EFEKTIF</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -35.45pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Memperhatikan
hal-hal di bawah ini agar keputusan yang diambil bermanfaat dan tepat sasaran
sesuai dengan kebutuhan dan kondisi klien:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Informasi yang dibiarkan spesifik, dapat membantu
klien dalam pengambilan keputusan.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Informasi disesuaikan dengan situasi klien, dan mudah
dimengerti. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Diberikan dengan memperhatikan hal-hal berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Singkat dan tepat (pilih hal-hal penting yang perlu
diingt klien) </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menggunakan bahasa sederhana yang mudah dipahami
klien.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Gunakan alat bantu visual sewaktu menjelaskan sehingga
klien mempunyai gambaran yang jelas terhadap solusi yang akan diambil.</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Beri kesempatan klien bertanya dan minta klien
mengulang hal-hal yang perlu diingat untuk mengetahui pemahaman klien terhadap
pilihan keputusan ataupun solusi yang disepakati. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><b><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">SAAT-SAAT SULIT DALAM PENERAPAN KIP/K</span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Diam</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Menangis</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ketika Konselor Meyakini Bahwa Tidak Ada Pemecahan
Bagi Masalah Klien </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klien Bertanya Tentang Hal-hal Pribadi Konselor </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Konselor Melakukan Kesalahan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Konselor Tidak Tahu Jawaban Dari Pertanyaan Klien </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klien Menolak Bantuan Konselor </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klien Merasa Tidak Nyaman Dengan Jenis Kelamin </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Waktu yang Dimiliki Konselor Terbatas </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Konselor Tidak Menciptakan Hubungan yang Baik </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Konselor Dan Klien Sudah Saling Kenal </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Klien Berbicara Terus yang Tidak Sesuai Dengan Topik yang
Dibahas </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Konselor Merasa Malu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Dipermalukan Dengan Suatu Topik Pembicaraan </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 72.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level2 lfo10; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt list 72.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">–<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Keadaan Kritis </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">STRATEGI PENGAMBILAN KEPUTUSAN</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam konseling pengambilan mutlak ada di tangan
klien, sedangkan bidan membantu agar keputusan yang diambil klien tersebut tepat.
Bila masalah dan kebutuhan klien telah diketahui dengan jelas. Maka bantu klien
menyelesaikan masalahnya, terutama yang berkaitan dengan kebidanan.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Ada empat strategi yang dapat membantu klien mengambil
keputusannya:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Membantu klien meninjau kemungkinan pilihannya. Beri
kesempatan klien unutk melihat lagi beberapa alternatif pilihannya, agar tidak
menyesal atau kecewa terhadap pilihannya. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Membantu klien dalam mempertimbangkan keputusan
pilihan, dengan melihat kembali keuntungan atau konsekuensi positif dan
kerugiannya atau konsekuensi negatif. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Membantu klien mengevaluasi pilihan. Setelah klien
menetapkan pilihan, bantu klien untuk mencermati pilihannya. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo11; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Membantu klien menyusun rencana kerja, untuk
menyelesaikan masalahnya. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Dalam mengambil keputusan yang baik kita dikenalkan
dengan 3K. Adapun langkah dalam pembuatan keputusan yang baik adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Langkah pertama, identifikasi kondisi yang dihadapi
oleh klien. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Langkah kedua, susunlah daftar kehendak atau pilihan
keputusan. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo12; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt left 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Arial;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">•<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US;">Langkah ketiga, untuk setiap pilihan, buatlah daftar
konsekuensinya baik yang positif maupun negatif. </span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><a href="http://syavillanp.blogspot.com/2014/06/makalah-macam-macam-klien-dalam-asuhan.html"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">http://syavillanp.blogspot.com/2014/06/makalah-macam-macam-klien-dalam-asuhan.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><a href="https://www.slideserve.com/hank/macam-klien-dalam-asuhan-kebidanan"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">https://www.slideserve.com/hank/macam-klien-dalam-asuhan-kebidanan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><a href="https://www.scribd.com/presentation/445470658/KONSEP-PENGAMBILAN-KEPUTUSAN-DAN-STRATEGI-PENGAMBILAN-KEPUTUSAN-pptx#download"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">https://www.scribd.com/presentation/445470658/KONSEP-PENGAMBILAN-KEPUTUSAN-DAN-STRATEGI-PENGAMBILAN-KEPUTUSAN-pptx#download</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p></p>Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-78868625591251345482020-10-22T20:06:00.004-07:002020-10-22T20:06:47.356-07:00MANAGEMEN NYERI PERSALINAN
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<![endif]--><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-transform: uppercase;"> MANAGEMEN NYERI PERSALINAN</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjetMLu9_r2l4fPlSOwBhrak0mRGN9GSV2NbAZhAXQ85q9zs-KBhb8t4tgMvhbOkGLAUUmNxSgRYSiEr8n1LRVprUr0IyR4is1jvl7iudEe3ycC3umuHZgwSrUa_zIx-xQC0eiqgpfbMUA/s1200/032032500_1513133304-Cara-Sederhana-Kurangi-Nyeri-saat-Persalinan-By-antoniodiaz-shutterstock.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="675" data-original-width="1200" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjetMLu9_r2l4fPlSOwBhrak0mRGN9GSV2NbAZhAXQ85q9zs-KBhb8t4tgMvhbOkGLAUUmNxSgRYSiEr8n1LRVprUr0IyR4is1jvl7iudEe3ycC3umuHZgwSrUa_zIx-xQC0eiqgpfbMUA/s320/032032500_1513133304-Cara-Sederhana-Kurangi-Nyeri-saat-Persalinan-By-antoniodiaz-shutterstock.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>PENDAHULUAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nyeri
persalinan merupakan suatu kondisi yang fisiologis. Keadaan tersebut merupakan
perasaan yang tidak menyenangkan yang terjadi selama proses persalinan. Nyeri
persalinan mulai timbul pada persalinan kala I fase laten dan fase aktif. Makin
lama nyeri yang dirasakan akan bertambah kuat, puncak nyeri terjadi pada fase
aktif, dimana pembukaan lengkap sampai 10 cm. Intensitas nyeri selama
persalinan akan mempengaruhi kondisi psikologis ibu, proses persalinan dan
kesejahteraan janin (Perry dan potter dalam Yana, et al, 2015:1). Beberapa
penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pada masyarakat primitif, persalinannya lebih lama
dan nyeri, sedangkan masyarakat yang telah maju 7- 14% bersalin tanpa rasa
nyeri dan sebagian besar (90%) persalinan disertai rasa nyeri. Tingginya
persepsi nyeri yang dirasakan oleh ibu bersalin sehingga kebanyakan dari mereka
tidak memfokuskan ke kelahiran bayinya, justru mereka lebih memfokuskan pada
nyeri persalinan yang dirasakannya (Handayani et al, 2016: 120).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nyeri
persalinan dapat menimbulkan stress yang menyebabkan pelepasan hormon yang
berlebihan seperti hormon steroid dan katekolamin. Hormon ini dapat menyebabkan
terjadinya ketegangan otot polos dan vasokonstriksi pembuluh darah, sehingga
dapat mengakibatkan penurunan kontraksi uterus, pengurangan aliran darah dan
oksigen ke uterus, serta timbulnya iskemia uterus yang membuat impuls nyeri
bertambah banyak. Pada tahap awal persalinan dapat menjadi waktu yang sulit
bagi sebagian besar ibu, khususnya ibu yang melahirkan anak pertamanya. Rasa
khawatir, takut dan cemas akan memainkan perasaan ibu dalam kemampuan dan
keyakinan ibu untuk menghadapi persalinan (Judha et al, 2012: 77).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B. MANAGEMEN NYERI
PERSALINAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">A)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nyeri </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.1. Definisi nyeri</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara umum
nyeri adalah suatu rasa yang tidak nyaman, baik ringan maupun berat. Nyeri
didefinisikan sebagai suatu keadaan yang mempengaruhi seseorang dan
eksistensinya diketahui bila seseorang pernah mengalaminya (Tamsuri, 2007).
Menurut International Association for Study of Pain (IASP), nyeri adalah
pengalaman perasaan emosional yang tidak menyenangkan akibat terjadinya
kerusakan aktual maupun potensial, atau menggambarkan kondisi terjadinya
kerusakan. Sedangkan menurut (Smeltzer & Bare, 2001), nyeri adalah
pengalaman sensori dan emosional yang tidak menyenangkan akibat dari kerusakan
jaringan yang aktual dan potensial, disamping itu nyeri adalah apapun yang
menyakitkan tubuh yang dikatakan individu yang mengalaminya, yang ada kapanpun
individu mengatakannya potensial. Kozier (2004), menambahkan nyeri adalah
sensasi yang tidak menyenangkan dan sangat individual yang tidak dapat di
ungkapkan kepada orang lain.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.2. Fisiologi Nyeri</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut
Torrance & Serginson (1997), ada tiga jenis sel saraf dalam proses
penghantaran nyeri yaitu sel syaraf aferen atau neuron sensori, serabut
konektor atau interneuron dan sel saraf eferen atau neuron motorik. Sel-sel
syaraf ini mempunyai reseptor pada ujungnya yang menyebabkan impuls nyeri
dihantarkan ke sum-sum tulang belakang dan otak. Reseptor-reseptor ini sangat
khusus dan memulai impuls yang merespon perubahan fisik dan kimia tubuh.
Reseptor-reseptor yang berespon terhadap stimulus nyeri disebut nosiseptor.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stimulus pada
jaringan akan merangsang nosiseptor melepaskan zat-zat kimia, yang terdiri dari
prostaglandin, histamin, bradikinin, leukotrien, substansi p, dan enzim
proteolitik. Zat-zat kimia ini akan mensensitasi ujung syaraf dan menyampaikan
impuls ke otak (Torrance & Serginson, 1997).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut
Smeltzer & Bare (2002) kornu dorsalis dari medula spinalis dapat dianggap
sebagai tempat memproses sensori. Serabut perifer berakhir disini dan serabut
traktus sensori asenden berawal disini. Juga terdapat interkoneksi antara
sistem neural desenden dan traktus sensori asenden. Traktus asenden berakhir
pada otak bagian bawah dan bagian tengah dan impuls-impuls dipancarkan ke
korteks serebri. Agar nyeri dapat diserap secara sadar, neuron pada sistem
asenden harus diaktifkan. Aktivasi terjadi sebagai akibat input dari reseptor
nyeri yang terletak dalam kulit dan organ internal. Terdapat interkoneksi
neuron dalam kornu dorsalis yang ketika diaktifkan, menghambat atau memutuskan
taransmisi informasi yang menyakitkan atau yang menstimulasi nyeri dalam jaras
asenden. Seringkali area ini disebut “gerbang”. Kecendrungan alamiah gerbang
adalah membiarkan semua input yang menyakitkan dari perifer untuk mengaktifkan
jaras asenden dan mengaktifkan nyeri. Namun demikian, jika kecendrungan ini
berlalu tanpa perlawanan, akibatnya sistem yang ada akan menutup gerbang.
Stimulasi dari neuron inhibitor sistem assenden menutup gerbang untuk input
nyeri dan mencegah transmisi sensasi nyeri (Smeltzer & Bare, 2002).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Teori gerbang
kendali nyeri merupakan proses dimana terjadi interaksi antara stimulus nyeri
dan sensasi lain dan stimulasi serabut yang mengirim sensasi tidak nyeri
memblok transmisi impuls nyeri melalui sirkuit gerbang penghambat. Sel-sel
inhibitor dalam kornu dorsalis medula spinalis mengandung eukafalin yang
menghambat transmisi nyeri (Wall, 1978 dikutip dari Smeltzer & Bare, 2002).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt 276.75pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">B)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nyeri Persalinan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.1<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Tanda-tanda persalinan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Tanda-tanda inpartu menurut Wiknjosastro (2005) adalah
sebagai berikut:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasa sakit
oleh adanya His yang datang lebih kuat, sering dan teratur.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keluar lendir
dan bercampur darah (show) yang lebih banyak karena robekan-robekan kecil pada
serviks.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kadang-kadang
ketuban pecah dengan sendirinya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada
pemeriksaan dalam, serviks mendatar dan pembukan telah ada.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.2 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses Persalinan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Persalinan dapat dibagi menjadi 4 kala menurut
(Wiknjosastro, 2005).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.2.1 Kala I</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Klinis dapat dinyatakan partus dimulai bila timbul his
dan wanita tersebut mengeluarkan lendir yang bersemu darah (bloody show).
Lendir yang bersemu darah ini berasal dari lendir kanalis servikalis karena
serviks mulai membuka atau mendatar. Sedangkan darah berasal dari pembuluh-pembuluh
kapiler yang berada disekitar kanalis servikalis itu pecah karena
pergeseran-pergeseran ketika seevikas membuka.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Proses membukanya srviks sebagai akibar his dibagi dalam
2 fase:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fase Laten :
Berlangsung selama 8 jam. Pembukaan terjadi sangat lambat sampai mencapai
ukuran diameter 3 cm.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fase Aktif :
dibagi dalam 3 fase lagi, yakni:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fase
akselerasi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam waktu 2 jam pembukaan 3 cm tadi menjadi 4 cm.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fase dilatasi
maksimal.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dalam waktu 2 jam pembukaan berlangsung sangat cepat,
dari 4 cm menjadi 9 cm.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fase
deselarasi pembukaan menjadi lambat kembali. Dalam waktu 2 jam pembukaan dari
9cm menjadi lengkap.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.2.2 Kala II</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kala II adalah kala pengeluaran. Dimulai dari pembukaan
lengkap sampai lahirnya bayi. His menjadi lebih kuat dan lebih cepat, yaitu 2-3
menit sekali karena kepala janin sudah masuk keruang panggul, maka pada his
dirasakan tekanan pada otot-otot dasar panggul, yang secara refleksoris
menimbulkan rasa mengejan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Perawatan selama kala II :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Pada saat ini, ibu dibantu agar berada dalam posisi yang
nyaman baginya, denyut nadi diperiksa setiap 15 menit. Denyut jantung janin
diperiksa antara tiap kontraksi atau his. Wajah dan leher ibu diusap dengan
handuk basah, kandung kemih dikosongkan dan kemajuan persalinan diamati.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.2.3 Kala III atau Kala Uri</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dimulai<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>dari<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>lahirnya<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>bayi<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>sampai <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>lahirnya<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>placenta. Placenta biasanya
lepas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam 6-15 menit setelah bayi
lahir. Pengeluaran placenta disertai pengeluaran darah.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.2.4 Kala IV</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Dimulai dari keluarnya placenta sampai 1-4 jam atau
sampai tanda-tanda vital ibu stabil.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.3 Penyebab Nyeri
Persalinan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rasa<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>nyeri<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>saat<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>persalinan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>merupakan<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>hal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>normal<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>terjadi.
Penyebabnya meliputi faktor fisiologis dan psikis (Hartanti, 2005).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor
fisiologis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor
psikologis yang dimaksud adalah kontraksi. Gerakan otot ini menimbulkanrasa
nyeri karena saat itu otot-otot rahim memanjang dan kemudian memendek. Serviks
juga akan melunak, menipis dan mendatar, kemudian tertarik. Saat itulah kepala
janin menekan mulut rahim dan membukannya. Jadi, kontraksi merupakan bagian
dari upaya membuka jalan lahir.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Intensitas
rasa nyeri dari pembukaan satu sampai pembukaan sepuluh akan bertambah tinggi
san semakin sering sebanding dengan kekuatan kontraksi dan tekanan bayi
terhadap struktur panggul, diikuti regangan bahkan perobekan jalan lahir bagian
bawah. dari tak ada pembukaan sampai pada pembukaan 2 bisa berlangsung sekitar
8 jam. Rasa sakit pada pembukaan 3 cm sampai selanjutnya rata-rata 0,5-1cm
perjam.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Maka lama dan frekuensi nyeri makin sering dan makin
bertambah kuat sampai mendekati proses persalinan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. Faktor Psikis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rasa takut dan cemas yang berlebihan akan mempengaruhi
rasa nyeri. Setiap ibu mempunyai versi sendiri-sendiri tentang nyeri
persalinan, karena ambang batas rangang nyeri setiap orang berlainan dan
subyektif sekali. Ada yang merasa tidak sakit hanya perutnya yang terasa
kencang. Adapula yang merasa tidak tahan mengalami rasa nyeri. Beragam respon
itu merupakan suatu mekanisme proteksi diri dari rasa nyeri yang dirasakan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.4 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Nyeri
Persalinan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.4.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor
Internal</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengalaman dan
pengetahuan tentang nyeri</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengalaman
sebelumnya seperti persalinan terdahulu akan membantu ibu dalam mengatasi
nyeri, karena ibu telah memiliki koping terhadap nyeri. Ibu multipara dan primipara
kemungkinan akan berespon terhadap nyeri berbeda-beda walaupun menghadapi
kondisi yang sama yaitu suatu persalinan. Hal ini dikarenakan ibu multipara
telah memiliki pengalaman pada persalinan sebelumnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Usia</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Usia muda
cenderung dikaitkan dengan kondoso psikologis yang masih labil, yang memicu
terjadinya kecemasan sehingga nyeri yang dirasakan menjadi lebih berat. Usia
juga dipakai sebagai salah satu faktor dalam menentukan toleransi terhadap
nyeri . toleransi akan meningkat seiring bertamabahnya usia dan pehaman
terhadap nyeri.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aktifitas
Fisik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aktifitas
ringan bermanfaat mengalihkan perhatian dan mengurangi rasa sakit menjelang
persalinan, selama itu tidak melakukanlatihan-latihan yang tidak terlalu keras
dan berat, serta menimbulkan keletihan pada wanita karena hal ini justru akan
memicu nyeri yang lebih berat.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kondisi
psikologi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Situai dan
kondisi psikologis yang labil memegang peranan penting dalam memunculkan nyeri
persalinan yang lebih berat. Salah satu mekanisme pertahanan jiwa terhadap
sterss adalah konversi yaitu memunculkan gangguan secara psikis menjadi
gangguan fisik.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.4.2 Faktor Eksternal</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Agama</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Semakin kuat
kualitas keimanan seseorang maka mekanisme pertahanan tubuh terhadap nyeri
semakin baik karena berkaitan dengan kondisi psikologis yang relatif stabil.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lingkungan
Fisik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lingkungan
yag terlalu ekstrim seperti perubahan cuaca, panas, dingin, ramai, bising
memberikan stimulus terhadap tubuh yang memicu terjadinya nyeri.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Budaya</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Budaya
tertentu akan mempengaruhi respon seseorang terhadap nyeri, ada budaya yang
mengekspresikan nyeri secara bebas, tapi ada pula yang tidak perlu di
ekspresikan secara berlebihan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Support System</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tersedianya
sarana dan support system yang baik dari lingkungan dalam mengatasi nyeri, dukungan
keluarga dan orang terdekat sangat membantu mengurangi rangsang nyeri yang
dialami oleh seseorang saat menghadapi persalinan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">e. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sosial Ekonomi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tersedianya
sarana dan lingkungan yang baik dapat membantu mengatasi rangsang nyeri yang
dialami. Seringkali status ekonomi mengikuti keadaan nyeri persalinan. Keadaan
ekonomi yang kurang, pendidikan yang rendah, informasi yang minimal dan kurang
sarana kesehatan yang memadai akan menimbulkan ibu kurang mengetahui bagaiman
mengatasi nyeri yang dialami dan masalah ekonomi berkaitan dengan biaya dan
persiapan persalinan sering menimbulkan kecemasan tersendiri dalam menghadapi
persalinan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.5 Jenis Nyeri
Persalinan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Persalinan
berhubungan dengan dua jenis nyeri yang berbeda. Pertama nyeri berasal dari
otot rahim, pada saat otot ini berkontraksi nyeri yang timbul disebut nyeri
viseral. Nyeri ini tidak dapat ditentukan dengan tepat lokasinya
(Pain-Pointed). Nyeri viseral juga dapat dirasakan pada orang lain yang bukan
merupakan asalnya disebut nyeri alih (Reffered pain). Pada persalinan nyeri
alih dapat diraasakan pada orang yitu punggung bagian bawah dan sacrum.
Sedangkan nyeri yang kedua timbul pada saat mendekati kelahiran. Tidak seperti
nyeri viseral, nyeri ini terlokalisir didaerah vagina, rectum dan perinium
sekitar anus. Nyeri jenis ini disebut nyeri somatik dan disebabkan peregangan
stuktur jalan lahir bagian bawah akibat penurunan bagian terbawah janin
(Ratnaningsih, 2010).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.6 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Fisiologi Nyeri Persalinan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sensasi nyeri
dihasilkan oleh jaringan serat saraf kompleks yang menghasilkan sistem saraf
perifer dan sentral. Dalam nyeri persalinan, sistem saraf otonom dan terutama
komponen simpatis berperan dalam sensasi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.6.1 Sistem Saraf Otonom</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sistem saraf
otonom mengontrol aktivitas otot polos dan viseral, uterus yang dikenal sebagai
sistem saraf involunter karena organ ini berfungsi tanpa kontrol kesadaran.
Terdapat dua komponen yaitu sistem simpatis dan parasimpatis. Saraf simpatis
mensuplay uterus dan membentuk bagian yang sangat penting dari neuroanatomi nyeri
persalinan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Neuron aferen
menstransmisikan informasi dari rangsang nyeri dari sistem saraf otonom menuju
sistem saraf pusat dari visera terutama melalui serat saraf simpatis. Neuron
aferen somatik dan ototnom bersinaps dalam region kornu dorsalis dan saling
mempengaruhi, menyebabkan fenomena yang disebut nyeri alih. Nyeri ini adalah
nyeri yang peling dominan dirasakan selama bersalin terutama selama kala 1
(Mander, 2003).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Neuron aferen
otonom berjalan keatas melalui medulla spinalis dan batang otak berdampingan
dengan neuron aferen somatik, tetapi walaupun sebagian besar srat aferen otonom
berjalan menuju hipothalamus sebelum menyebar ke thalamus dan kemudian terakhir
pada korteks serebri.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Gambaran yang
berada lebih lanjut dari sistem saraf otonom adalah fakta bahwa neuron aferen
yang keluar dari sistem saraf pusat hanya melalui tiga region:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. Dalam otak (Nervus kranialis III, VII, IX, dan X) b.
Dalam region torasika (T1 sampai T12, L1 dan L3) c. Segmen sakralis kedua dan
ketiga medulla spinalis.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Region torasika membentuk aliran keluar sistem saraf
simpatis yang menyuplai organ viseral, misalnya uterus.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.6.2 Jaras Perifer Nyeri Pesalinan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karya
eksperimental pada sistem saraf otonom menunjukkan bahwa baik komponen simpatis
dan parasimpatis menyuplai sebagiab besar organ abdomen dan pelvis, termasuk
uterus. Secara anatomis, otot polos utetus disuplai sebagian besar oleh serat –
C yang tidak bermielin dan sebagian oleh serat – A delta kecil yang bermielin.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Selama kala 1 persalinan, nyeri diakibatkan oleh dilatasi
serviks dan segmen bawah uterus dan distensi korpus uteri. Nyeri selama kala
ini diakibatkan oleh kekuatan kontraksi dan tekanan yang dibangkitkan. Hasil
temuan bahwa tekanan cairan omnion lebih dari 15mmHg diatas tonus yang
dibutuhkan untuk meregangkan segmen bawah uterus dan serviks dan dengan
demikian menghasilkan nyeri, Mander (2003). Dengan demikian logis untuk
megharapkan bahwa makin tinggi tekanan cairan omnion, makin besar distensi
sehingga menyebabkan nyeri yang lebih.. nyeri ini dilanjutkan ke dermaton yang
disuplai oleh segmen medulla spinalis yang sama dengan segmen yang menerima
input nosiseptif dari uterus dan serviks. Nyeri persalinan selama kala 1
disebabkan oleh kontraksi rahim yang dihantarkan oleh serabut sarfa simpatis
dan serabut saraf thorakal 11 dan 12. nyeri yang disebabkan peregangan mulut
rahim. Nyeri disebarkan melalui saraf dari medulla spinalis yaitu thorakal 11
dan 12 serta lumbal 1. Rasa nyeri yang timbul dirasakan sebagai nyeri punggung
10%, nyeri pinggang 20% dan sebagisn besar nyeri pada bagian bawah perut 70%
(Ratnaningsih, 2010).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada kala 11
persalinan, nyeri tambahan disebabkan oleh regangan dan robekan jaringan
misalnya pada perineum dan tekanan pada otot skelet perinium. Nyeri diakibatkan
oleh rangsangan struktur somatik superfisial dan digambarkan sebagai nyeri yang
tajam dan terlokalisasi, terutama pada daerah yang disuplai oleh syaraf
pudensus. Nyeri pada kala 11 disebabkan karena peregangan perineum, tarikan
peritonium, kekuatan yang mendorong pengeluaran janin serta tekanan dari
traktus urinarius bagian bawah dan pelvis. Rangsangan nyeri disebarkan melalui
saraf parasimpatis dari jaringan perinium. Nyeri yang timbul dirasakan pada
daerah dasar panggul dan selangkangan maupun paha.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.7 Lama Nyeri Persalinan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Nyeri selama persalinan dirasakan selama kala pembukaan
dan makin hebat dalam kala pengeluaran. Pada ibu yang baru pertama kali
bersalin, kala pembukaan berlangsung kira-kira 13 jam dan kala pengeluaran
kira-kira 1 ½ jam. Pada wanita yang pernah melahirkan kala pembukaan
berlangsung lebih singkat yaitu sekitar 7 jam dan kala pengeluaran sekitar 1/2
jam (Maya, 2010).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.8 Penyebaran Nyeri
persalinan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Rangsangan nyeri persalinan pada kala 1 di transmisiklan
dari serat aferen melalui flesus hipogastrik superior, inferior, dan tengah,
rantai somatik torakal bawah dan lumbal, ke ganglia akar saraf posterior pada
T10 sampai L1. Nyeri dapat disebar dari area pelvis ke umbilicus, paha atas,
dan area madsakral. Pada penurunan janin, biasana pada kala II rangsangan ditransmisikan
melalui saraf pudental melalui pleksus sacral ke ganglia akar sarf posterrior
pada S2 sampai S4. selama persalinan kala II, ketika tidak ada lagi tahanan
dari serviks, nyeri masih dialami karena distensi lanjut segmen uterus bawah.
Ketika janin turun ke pelvis, nyeri yang disebabkan oleh distensi sepertiga
anterior vagina dan perinium menggantikan nyeri viseral profunda. Tekanan dan
trauma pada fascia, jaringan subkutan,dan otot skelet merangsang nosiseptor dan
menggeser lokasi nyeri secara eksternal. Tekanan pada akar pleksus lumbo sakral
menimbulkan nyeri pada paha, kaki, vagina, perinium, dan rectum (Walsh, 2007).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.9<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Penilaian dan Pengukuran Nyeri</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Kualitas nyeri dapat dinilai sederhana yang meminta
pasien menjelaskan nyeri dengan kata-kata mereka sendiri (misalnya tumpul,
berdenyut, seperti terbakar). Evaluasi ini juga dapat didekati dengan
menggunakan penelitian yang lebih formal, seperti kuesioner nyeri MC bill, yang
merupakan salah satu alat yang digunakan untuk menilai nyeri. Kuesioner ini
mengukur dimensi fisiologik dan psikologik nyeri yang dibagi menjadi empat
bagian. Bagian pertama klien menandai lokasi nyeri disebuah gambar tubuh
manusia. Pada bagian kedua klien memilih 20 kata yang menjelaskan kualitas
sensorik, afektif, evaluatif, dan kualitas lain dari nyeri. Pada bagian ketiga
klien memilih kata seperti singkat, berirama atau menetap untuk menetap untuk
menjalaskan pola nyeri. Pada bagian keempat klien menentukan tingkatan nyeri
pada suatu skala 0 sampai 5 (Price, 2005).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">Alat bantu lain yang digunakan untuk menilai intensitas
atau keparahan nyeri klien:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="height: 131px; left: 0px; margin-left: 1px; margin-top: 20px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 501px; z-index: 251650544;"><img height="131" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image002.jpg" width="501" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a.
Face Pain Rating Scale</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">b. Skala intensitas nyeri deskritif</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="height: 32px; margin-left: 15px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 386px; z-index: 251651568;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image004.jpg" width="386" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="height: 35px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 26px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 429px; z-index: 251652592;"><img height="35" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image006.jpg" width="429" /></span><span style="height: 13px; margin-left: 304px; margin-top: 65px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 132px; z-index: 251653616;"><img height="13" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image008.jpg" width="132" /></span><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 13px; margin-top: 10px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 396px; z-index: 251654640;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image010.jpg" width="396" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">c. Skala identitas nyeri numerik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="height: 19px; margin-left: 7px; margin-top: 2px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 411px; z-index: 251655664;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image012.jpg" width="411" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="height: 32px; margin-left: -2px; margin-top: 17px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 426px; z-index: 251657712;"><img height="32" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image014.jpg" width="426" /></span><span style="height: 12px; margin-left: 11px; margin-top: 0px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 405px; z-index: 251656688;"><img height="12" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image016.jpg" width="405" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">d. Skala analog visual</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="height: 31px; margin-left: 7px; margin-top: 4px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 382px; z-index: 251658736;"><img height="31" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image018.jpg" width="382" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="height: 11px; margin-left: 374px; margin-top: 56px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 30px; z-index: 251661808;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image020.jpg" width="30" /></span><span style="height: 14px; margin-left: -7px; margin-top: 39px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 414px; z-index: 251660784;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image022.jpg" width="414" /></span><span style="height: 14px; margin-left: -7px; margin-top: 22px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 412px; z-index: 251659760;"><img height="14" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image024.jpg" width="412" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 113.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">e. Skala nyeri menurut bourbanis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="height: 19px; margin-left: 9px; margin-top: 3px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 386px; z-index: 251662832;"><img height="19" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image026.jpg" width="386" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="height: 62px; margin-left: 0px; margin-top: 15px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 413px; z-index: 251664880;"><img height="62" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image028.jpg" width="413" /></span><span style="height: 11px; margin-left: 13px; margin-top: 1px; mso-ignore: vglayout; position: absolute; width: 381px; z-index: 251663856;"><img height="11" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image030.jpg" width="381" /></span><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Keterangan :</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt 2.0cm 115.0pt; text-indent: -2.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">0<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tidak nyeri</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">1-3 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nyeri ringan : secara obyektif klien
dapat berkomunikasi dengan baik.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">4-6 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>:
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nyeri sedang : Secara obyektif klien mendesis,
menyeringai, dapat menunjukkan lokasi nyeri, dapat mendeskripsikannya, dapat
mengikuti perintah dengan baik.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt 2.0cm 118.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">7-9<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nyeri
berat : secara obyektif klien terkadang tidak dapat mengikuti perintah tapi
masih respon terhadap tindakan, dapat menunjukkan lokasi nyeri, tidak dapat
mendeskripsikannya, tidak dapat diatasi dengan alih posisi nafas panjang dan
distraksi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 2.0cm; margin-right: 13.0pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 35.45pt 2.0cm 117.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -2.0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">10<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Nyeri
sangat berat : Pasien sudah tidak mampu lagi berkomunikasi, memukul.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.10 Managemen Nyeri</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.10.1 Managemen Farmakologi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Managemen
farmakologi merupakan suatu pendekatan yang digunakan untuk menghilangkan nyeri
dengan menggunakan obat-obatan. Obat merupakan bentuk pengendalian nyeri yang
paling sering diberikan oleh perawat dengan kolaborasi dengan dokter. Terdapat
tiga kelompok obat nyeri yaitu:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Analgetik non
opioid – Obat Anti Inflamasi Non Steroid (OAISN)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Efektif untuk
penatalaksanaan nyeri ringan sampai sedang terutama asetomenofn (Tylenol) dan
OAISN dengan ef anti peritik, analgetik dan anti iflamasi, Asam asetilsalisilat
(aspirin) dan Ibuprofin (Morfin, Advil) merupakan OAINS yang sering digunakan
untuk mengatasi nyeri akut derajat ringan. OAINS menghasilkan analgetik dengan
bekerja ditempat cedera melalui inhibisi sintesis prostaglandin dari prekorsor asam
arokidonat. Prostaglandin mensintesis nosiseptor dan bekerja secara sinergis
dengan prodok inflamatorik lain di tempat cedera, misalnya bradikinibin dan
histamin untuk menimbulkan hiperanalgetik. Dengan demikian OAINS mengganggu
mekanisme transduksi di nosiseptor aferen primer dengan menghambat sintesis
prostaglandin.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analgesia
opioid</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Merupakan
analgetik yang kuat yang bersedia dan digunakan dalam penatalaksanaan nyeri
dengan skala sedang sampai dengan berat. Obat-obat ini merupakan patokan dalam pengobatan
nyeri pasca operasi dan nyeri terkait kanker. Morfin merupakan salah satu jenis
obat ini yang digunakan untuk mengobati nyeri berat. Berbeda dengan OAINS yang
bekerja diperifer, Morfin menimbulkan efek analgetiknya di sentral. Morfin
menimbulkan efek dengan mengikat reseptor opioid di nukleus modulasi di batang
otak yang menghambat nyeri pada sistem assenden.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adjuvan /
Koanalgetik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Merupakan
obat yang memiliki efek analgetik atau efek komplementer dalam penatalaksanaan
nyeri yang semula dikembangkan untuk kepentingan lain. Contoh obat ini adalah
Karbamazopin (Tegretol) atau Fenitoin (Dilantin) (Price & Wilson, 2006).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.10.2 Managemen Non-Farmakologi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Beberapa hal
yang dapat dilakukan dalam mengatasi (memanajemen) nyeri saat persalinan, yaitu
salah satunya dengan memberikan terapi non farmakologis.Terapi non-farmakologis
yaitu terapi yang digunakan yakni dengan tanpa menggunakan obat-obatan, tetapi
dengan memberikan berbagai teknik yang setidaknya dapat sedikit mengurangi rasa
nyeri saat persalinan tiba. Beberapa hal yang dapat dilakukan ialah: a.
Distraksi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Distraksi
adalah memfokuskan perhatian pasien pada sesuatu selain nyeri. Ada empat tipe
distraksi, yaitu distraksi visual, misalnya membaca atau menonton televisi,
Distraksi auditory, misalnya mendengarkan musik, Distraksi taktil, misalnya
menarik nafas dan massase, Distraksi kognitif, misalnya bermain puzzle.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hypnosis-diri</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Hypnosis-diri
dengan membantu merubah persepsi nyeri melalui pengaruh sugesti positif.
Hypnosis-diri menggunakan sugesti dari dankesan tentang perasaan yang rileks
dan damai. Individu memasuki keadaan rileks dengan menggunakan bagian ide
pikiran dan kemudian kondisi-kondisi yang menghasilkan respons tertentu bagi
mereka (Edelman & Mandel, 1994). Hypnosis-diri sama seperti dengan melamun.
Konsentrasi yang efektif mengurangi ketakutan dan sters karena individu
berkonsentrasi hanya pada satu pikiran. Selain itu juga mengurangi persepsi
nyeri merupakan salah satu sederhana untuk meningkatkan rasa nyaman ialah
membuang atau mencegah stimulasi nyeri. Hal ini terutama penting bagi klien
yang imobilisasi atau tidak mampu merasakan sensasi ketidaknyamanan. Nyeri juga
dapat dicegah dengan mengantisipasi kejadian yang menyakitkan, misalnya seorang
klien yang dibiarkan mengalami konstipasi akan menderita distensi dan kram
abdomen. Upaya ini hanya klien alami dan sedikit waktu ekstra dalam upaya
menghindari situasi yang menenyebabkan nyeri (Mander, 2003).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stimulas
Kutaneus</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terapi
stimulasi kutaneus adalah stimulasi kulit yang dilakukan untuk menghilangkan
nyeri massase, mandi air hangat, kompres panas atau dingin dan stimulasi saraf
elektrik transkutan (TENS) merupakan langkah-langkah sederhana dalam upaya
menurunkan persepsi nyeri. Cara kerja khusus stimulasi kutaneus masih belum
jelas. Salah satu pemikiran adalah cara ini menyebabkan pelepasan endorfin,
sehingga memblog transmisi stimulasi nyeri. Teori Gate-kontrol mengatakn bahwa
stimulasi kutaneus mengaktifkan transmisi tersebut saraf sensori A-Beta yang
lebih besar dan lebih cepat. Proses ini menurunkan transmisi nyeri melalui
serabut dan delta-A berdiameter kecil. Gerbang sinaps menutup transmisi impuls
nyeri. Bahwa keuntungan stimulasi kutaneus adalah tindakan ini dapat dilakkan
dirumah, sehingga memungkinkan klien dan keluarga melakukan upaya kontrol
gejala nyeri dan penanganannya. Penggunaan yang benar dapat mengurangi persepsi
nyeri dan membantu mengurangi ketegangan otot. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Stimulasi
kutaneus jangan digunakan secara langsung pada daerah kulit yang sensitif
(misalnya luka bakar, luka memar, cram kulit, inflamasi dan kulit dibawah
tulang yang fraktur) (Mander,2004).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Massase</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Masasse
adalah melakukan tekanan tangan pada jaringan lunak, biasanya otot, atau
ligamentum, tanpa menyebabkan gerakan atau perubahan posisi sendi untuk
meredakan nyeri, menghasilkan relaksasi, dan / atau memperbaiki sirkulasi.
Masase adalah terapi nyeri yang paling primitive dan menggunakan refleks lembut
manusia untuk menahan, menggosok, atau meremas bagian tubuh yang nyeri
(Smeltzer & Bare, 2002).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">e. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terapi Hangat
dan Dingin</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Terapi hangat
dan dingin bekerja dengan menstimulasi reseptor tidak nyeri (non-nosiseptor).
Terapi dingin dapat menurunkan prostaglandin yang memperkuat sensitifitas
reseptor nyeri. Agar efektif es harus diletakkan di area sekitar pembedahan.
Penggunaan panas dapat meningkatkan aliran darah yang dapat mempercepat
penyembuhan dan penurunan nyeri (Smeltzer & Bare, 2002).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">f.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Relaksasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pernafasan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Relaksasi
pernafasan yang merupakan suatu bentuk asuhan keperawatan, yang dalam hal ini
perawat mengajakan pada klien bagaimana cara melakukan pernafasan, nafas lambat
(menahan inspirasi secara maksimal) dan bagaimana menghembuskan nafas secara
perlahan. Selain dapat menurunkan intensitas nyeri, teknik relaksasi pernafasan
juga dapat meningkatkan ventilasi paru dan meningkatkan oksigenasi darah
(Smeltzer & Bare, 2002). Menurut kegunaanya teknik relaksasi pernafasan
dianggap mampu meredakan nyeri, prosesnya menarik nafas lambat melalui hidung
(menahan inspirasi secara maksimal) dan menghembuskan nafas melalui mulut
secara perlahan-lahan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">C. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>LATIHAN
SOAL</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jelaskan penyebab nyeri persalinan!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jelaskan faktor-faktor yang
mempengaruhi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nyeri persalinan!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jelaskan mengenai managemen farmakologi!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">JAWABAN</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Penyebab nyeri
persalinan adalah :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor
fisiologis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor
psikologis yang dimaksud adalah kontraksi. Gerakan otot ini menimbulkanrasa
nyeri karena saat itu otot-otot rahim memanjang dan kemudian memendek. Serviks
juga akan melunak, menipis dan mendatar, kemudian tertarik. Saat itulah kepala
janin menekan mulut rahim dan membukannya. Jadi, kontraksi merupakan bagian
dari upaya membuka jalan lahir.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Intensitas
rasa nyeri dari pembukaan satu sampai pembukaan sepuluh akan bertambah tinggi
san semakin sering sebanding dengan kekuatan kontraksi dan tekanan bayi
terhadap struktur panggul, diikuti regangan bahkan perobekan jalan lahir bagian
bawah. dari tak ada pembukaan sampai pada pembukaan 2 bisa berlangsung sekitar
8 jam. Rasa sakit pada pembukaan 3 cm sampai selanjutnya rata-rata 0,5-1cm
perjam. Maka lama dan frekuensi nyeri makin sering dan makin bertambah kuat
sampai mendekati proses persalinan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor Psikis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rasa takut
dan cemas yang berlebihan akan mempengaruhi rasa nyeri. Setiap ibu mempunyai
versi sendiri-sendiri tentang nyeri persalinan, karena ambang batas rangang
nyeri setiap orang berlainan dan subyektif sekali. Ada yang merasa tidak sakit
hanya perutnya yang terasa kencang. Adapula yang merasa tidak tahan mengalami
rasa nyeri. Beragam respon itu merupakan suatu mekanisme proteksi diri dari
rasa nyeri yang dirasakan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor-faktor
yang mempengaruhi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>nyeri persalinan </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor
Internal</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengalaman dan
pengetahuan tentang nyeri</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Usia</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aktifitas
Fisik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kondisi
psikologi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor
Eksternal</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">a.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Agama</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Lingkungan
Fisik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Budaya</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">d.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Support System</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">e. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sosial Ekonomi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif";">3.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Managemen
farmakologi merupakan suatu pendekatan yang digunakan untuk menghilangkan nyeri
dengan menggunakan obat-obatan. Obat merupakan bentuk pengendalian nyeri yang
paling sering diberikan oleh perawat dengan kolaborasi dengan dokter.</span></p>
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</o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]-->Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-24440684037319169722020-10-22T20:02:00.002-07:002020-10-22T20:02:27.252-07:00PERSAMAAN REAKSI<p> </p><p><!--[if !mso]>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Persamaan Reaksi</span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0VjgIkSS9u52eNEkuDxJ6P-TD99OiKDrbpWrUjwWL8rDTnG8L_H2LNYJyczHaiGx88jiiMaKRpUqntB2DCL0lMUeXDkjnYcjHogRw8Vrux3UzzU4Ba7JdIgJGgiQuLUQnlM3sRGe4qsE/s1280/maxresdefault.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEj0VjgIkSS9u52eNEkuDxJ6P-TD99OiKDrbpWrUjwWL8rDTnG8L_H2LNYJyczHaiGx88jiiMaKRpUqntB2DCL0lMUeXDkjnYcjHogRw8Vrux3UzzU4Ba7JdIgJGgiQuLUQnlM3sRGe4qsE/s320/maxresdefault.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Persamaan reaksi kimia adalah pernyataan yang ditulis
dengan rumus kimia yang memberikan informasi identitas dan kuantitas zat-zat
yang terlibat dalam suatu perubahan kimia ataupun </span><a href="https://www.studiobelajar.com/materi-fisika-sma-kelas-10-11-12/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">fisika</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Semua zat
yang terlibat dalam reaksi yang di mana jumlahnya berkurang setelah reaksi,
disebut pereaksi (reaktan), ditempatkan di sebelah kiri tanda panah yang
mengarah ke kanan. Pada sebelah kanan tanda panah terdapat hasil reaksi
(produk), yakni semua zat yang dihasilkan dari reaksi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam rumus kimia, terdapat indeks, yaitu angka yang
ditulis dalam format subscript (berukuran kecil dengan posisi agak ke bawah)
pada sebelah kanan </span><a href="https://www.studiobelajar.com/sistem-periodik-unsur/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">simbol unsur</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> atau
kelompok atom unsur (gugus), yang menyatakan jumlah atom unsur atau kelompok
atom unsur. Contoh: Br<sub>2</sub> menunjukkan terdapat 2 atom Br yang saling
berikatan; dan Fe(NO<sub>3</sub>)<sub>3</sub> menunjukkan terdapat 1 atom Fe, 3
atom N, dan 9 atom O saling berikatan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam persamaan reaksi, dikenal koefisien reaksi,
yaitu bilangan yang berada di sebelah kiri rumus kimia untuk mengalikan jumlah
semua atom dalam rumus kimia tersebut. Contoh: 2SO<sub>3</sub> menunjukkan
terdapat 2 molekul SO<sub>3</sub>. Perbandingan koefisien-koefisien reaksi
menunjukkan perbandingan mol zat-zat yang bereaksi dalam reaksi kimia tersebut.
Pada setiap reaktan dan produk perlu dituliskan wujud zatnya, seperti s yaitu
padat (solid), l yaitu cair (liquid), g yaitu gas, atau aq yaitu </span><a href="https://www.studiobelajar.com/sifat-koligatif-larutan/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">larutan</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dengan
pelarut air (aqueous) di dalam tanda kurung di sebelah kanan rumus molekul
masing-masing.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menuliskan Persamaan Reaksi</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penulisan persamaan reaksi dapat mengikuti
langkah-langkah sebagai berikut.</span></p>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menuliskan
persamaan dalam kata-kata yang terdiri dari nama dan wujud zat dari semua
pereaksi beserta hasil reaksi;</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menerjemahkan
persamaan kata-kata ke dalam persamaan rumus kimia dari masing-masing zat
berikut keterangan wujudnya; dan</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyetarakan
persamaan dengan memberi koefisien yang sesuai.</span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aluminium oksida direaksikan dengan larutan asam
klorida membentuk larutan aluminium klorida dan air.</span></p>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Persamaan
kata-kata: aluminium oksida padat + larutan asam klorida → larutan
aluminium klorida + air</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Persamaan
rumus kimia: Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + HCl(aq) → AlCl<sub>3</sub>(aq)
+ H<sub>2</sub>O(l) (belum setara)</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Persamaan
reaksi setara: Al<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>(s) + 6HCl(aq) → 2AlCl<sub>3</sub>(aq)
+ 3H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Persamaan reaksi dikatakan setara, bila jumlah
atom-atom zat-zat pereaksi (pada ruas kiri) sama dengan zat-zat hasil reaksi
(pada ruas kanan). Apabila jumlah atom sebelum dan sesudah reaksi belum sama,
maka perlu disetarakan dengan cara membubuhkan koefisien reaksi, namun indeks
tidak boleh diubah. Pengubahan indeks akan mengubah rumus kimia zat menjadi zat
lain, misalnya O<sub>2</sub> (oksigen) jika diubah dapat menjadi O<sub>3</sub>
(ozon) yang merupakan dua zat yang berbeda.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh persamaan reaksi kimia setara:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><img alt="Description: persamaan reaksi contoh" border="0" height="139" src="file:///C:\Users\SETTING\AppData\Local\Temp\msohtmlclip1\01\clip_image001.jpg" width="368" /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">P<sub>4</sub> berwujud padat dan 6Cl<sub>2</sub>
berwujud gas adalah pereaksi. 4PCl<sub>3</sub> berwujud cair adalah hasil
reaksi. Koefisien reaksi untuk masing-masing zat yaitu 1 (tidak perlu ditulis),
6, dan 4 berurut dari kiri ke kanan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menyetarakan Persamaan Reaksi</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyetaraan persamaan reaksi kimia umumnya dapat
dilakukan dengan metode trial and error (coba-coba). Namun, sebenarnya
penyetaraan reaksi dapat dilakukan dengan cara yang lebih sistematis dengan
menyusun dan menyelesaikan persamaan matematis. Berikut langkah-langkah dalam
menyetarakan persamaan reaksi dengan cara menyusun persamaan </span><a href="https://www.studiobelajar.com/materi-matematika-sma-kelas-10-11-12/"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">matematis</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></p>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">memberikan
koefisien reaksi yang dinyatakan dengan variabel (misalnya a, b, c, dan d)
pada setiap zat;</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menyusun
persamaan matematis berdasarkan kesamaan jumlah atom unsur yang sama di
ruas kiri maupun kanan, di mana jumlah atom = koefisien × indeks; dan</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">menyelesaikan
persamaan-persamaan matematis yang diperoleh dari langkah 2 dengan
sebelumnya menetapkan koefisien salah satu zat sama dengan 1, di mana zat
yang dipilih biasanya adalah zat dengan rumus kimia paling kompleks.</span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Contoh:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Reaksi kalsium karbonat dengan larutan asam klorida
menghasilkan larutan kalsium klorida, karbon dioksida, dan air.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s) + HCl(aq) → CaCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) +
CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. pemberian koefisien reaksi pada setiap zat dalam
variabel:<br />
aCaCO<sub>3</sub>(s) + bHCl(aq) → cCaCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) + dCO<sub>2</sub>(g) +
eH<sub>2</sub>O(l)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. persamaan matematis berdasarkan kesamaan jumlah
atom unsur yang sama:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">atom Ca : a
= c<br />
atom C : a = d<br />
atom O : 3a = 2d + e<br />
atom H : b = 2e<br />
atom Cl : b = 2c</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.
penyelesaian persamaan dengan menetapkan salah satu koefisien sama dengan 1,
misalnya a, sehingga: a = 1; c = 1; d = 1; e = 1; dan b = 2.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jadi, persamaan reaksi setaranya adalah CaCO<sub>3</sub>(s)
+ 2HCl(aq) → CaCl<sub>2</sub>(aq) + CO<sub>2</sub>(g) + H<sub>2</sub>O(l)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> </p>
<p></p>Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-26527646240077880682020-10-22T20:01:00.006-07:002020-10-22T20:01:23.355-07:00KOSA KATA JEPANG<p> </p><p><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Materi kosa
kata Jepang...</span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> <br /></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJO92NZXJwNsQe27Fr5-IjQu81WFm2bw6ihzAXwc3upRfH1cfEpm8goQCYqnAW58BFHXHsAE9zajxfRdvFAEExq5c2y6gRat7mLg6_3HNG7a_l1rrLhpn3t9ghvKft-NBOCkr6y1OQPkU/s400/c4e96df72681adca78c2a9168b11b5e0.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="226" data-original-width="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiJO92NZXJwNsQe27Fr5-IjQu81WFm2bw6ihzAXwc3upRfH1cfEpm8goQCYqnAW58BFHXHsAE9zajxfRdvFAEExq5c2y6gRat7mLg6_3HNG7a_l1rrLhpn3t9ghvKft-NBOCkr6y1OQPkU/s320/c4e96df72681adca78c2a9168b11b5e0.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /> • Baka yarou !
= Dasar Bego! <p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Senpai =
Senior </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Kouhai =
Junior </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Hidoi =
Jahat </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Dousta? =
Kenapa?, Ada apa? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Nani!! =
Apa!! </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Zutto =
Kalau saja, Selalu </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Kirei =
Indah </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Kawaii =
Cantik, Imut </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Yaksoku =
Janji </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Kedo/Demo =
Tapi </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Warui/Gomen
= Maaf </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Sumimasen =
Permisi, maaf </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Omedetou, ne
= selamat ya </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Dame =
Jangan, Tidak </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Sugoi! =
Hebat, Keren </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Daijoubu
desu = Saya tidak apa apa / Saya baik baik saja </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Hanabi =
Kembang api </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Tadaima =
Aku pulang </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Okaerinasai
= Selamat pulang </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Ja, mata/
Mata ne = Sampai jumpa </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Ittekimasu =
Aku berangkat </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">•Itterasshai =
Hati hati di jalan </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Ohayou =
Selamat Pagi </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Konnichiwa =
Selamat Siang </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Konbanwa =
Selamat Malam </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Oyasumi =
Selamat tidur </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Moshi-moshi
= Halo </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Zannen desu
= Sayang sekali </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Irasshaimase
= Selamat datang </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Onegai =
Tolong </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Yoroshiku
Onegaishimasu = Mohon bimbingannya/bantuannya </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">•
Doumo/Arigatou = Terima Kasih </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Iya = Hai </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Iie = Tidak </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Ittadakimasu
= Selamat makan </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Nandemonai =
Bukan apa apa </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Nanda
korewa? = Apa ini? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Dare desu
ka? = Siapa ini? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Wakatta =
Oke, ngerti. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Sou ne .. =
Begitulah, Mungkin </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Masaka.... =
Nggak mungkin..... (ah masa .....) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Naru hodo =
Oh gitu </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">•Yokatta... =
Syukurlaah.... </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Hontou
ni?/Souka? = Bener gitu?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Kimi wa boku
no mono = kamu milikkuuu </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Ki o tsukete
ne = Hati-hati yah~ </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Onaka ga
suita = Aku laperr </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">•
Itadakimassuuu = Selamat Makaaannn </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Ii yume wo
mite ne = Mimpi indah yah, </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Yatta ! =
Horee! </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Kawaisou
ni... = kasian... </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Chotto matte
! = Tunggu bentar! </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Uso = Bohong
</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Uso tsuki !
= Tukang bohong! </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Uso Jyanai!
= Jangan bohong! </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Nan da yo!?
= Ape lu !? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Damareeee! =
Dieeemmm! </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Omae wa
kankei nai darou.. ! = Bukan urusanmu..! </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Mata ne /
Mata yo ~ = Sampe jumpa~ </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Oyasumi =
Met istirahat (Met Tidur)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>• Jibun no seida = Salah sendiri </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Hitomebore
datta no yo... = Cinta pada pandangan pertama...............(cikiciew) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Doki-doki
shichatta yo... = Aku jadi deg-degan nih... </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Suki da .. =
Aku suka kamu </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Kareshi ga
iru no ? = Udah punya pacar? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Bukkoroshite
yaruuu! = Akan kubunuh kauuu! (bisanya diucapkan kalau lagi pada berantem) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Kusso !! =
Ta* !! / Br*ngs*k !! (diucapkan oleh kaum laki-laki dalam anime kalau lagi
kesel) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Kimi no
katte da! = Terserah kamu dah!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• 39 (baca :
sankyuu ) = Makasih </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Ittekimasu =
Aku berangkat </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Itterasshai
= Silahkan berangkaat (jawaban dari ittekimasu) (Shinchan selalu kebalik
berkata "itterasshai" kalau mau pergi keluar rumah -_- ) • Kami nomi
zo shiru sekai = Dunia hanya tuhan yang mengetahui..(ini sih judul anime...
hehe) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Aitai naa =
Kangen nih... >.< </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Ima made
arigatou.. = Makasih untuk segalanya... (kalau mau putus biasnaya suka ngomong
gini deh) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Do iu koto?
= Maksudnya apa?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Chigau yo !
= Salah kok! </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Dame da yo!
= Ga boleh! (Jangan!) • Kocchi kocchi = Sini sini </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Naicha
ikenai yo! = Jangan nangis!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>• Anata dare na no? = kamu siapa? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Ii yo .. =
Boleh..~ </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Boku, kimi
no koto suki da yo = Aku suka kamu....(loh) </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Dou sureba
ii? = Apa yang harus aku lakukan? </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Yamete yo! =
Berhentii! </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Bochi-bochi
ganbari yaa! = (entah apa artinyah, namun biasanya ungkapan ini untuk
memberikan semangat kayak "Ganbatte") </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Anata ga
itooshii = Aku sayang kamyu </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Aite ni
shinaide! = Jangan diladeni! </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Ikemen =
Cowok keren </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Ichiyazuke =
Sistim kebut semalam/sks </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Ki ni shinai
= Emang gw pikirin..</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Kogyaru =
Anak baru gede/ABG </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Suki ni
shiro! = Terserah elo deh!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Kimochi=
Perasaan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Kekkai=
Pelindung</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Mahcigai
Desu Ga?= Apakah Aku Salah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Hikaru Nara=
Jika Bercahaya</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Hitorigoto=
Bicara Sendiri</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Akirameru=
Menyerah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Akirame Nai=
Jangan Menyerah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Mukuwareru=
Terbalas</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Mukuwarenai=
Tidak Terbalas</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Itai= Sakit</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Kowai=
Menakutkan, Serem, takut</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Aniki= Abang</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Onichan=
Kakak Laki2</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Onechan=
Kakak Perempuan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Imouto= Adik</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">• Tomodachi=
Teman</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">lah KATA GANTI</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Saya =
watashi, watakushi, shousa, boku, atashi, ore</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kami =
watashitachi, bokutachi, bokura, atashitachi, oretachi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kamu = anata,
kimi, omae</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kamu sekalian
= anatagata, kimitachli, omaera</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dia (laki) =
kare, karera (jamak)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dia
(perempuan) = kanojo, kanojora (jamak)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ini = kore,
korera (jamak)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Itu = sore,
are, sorera (jamak), arera (jamak)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">GREETING</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selamat =
omedetou (gozaimasu)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selamat ulang
tahun = tanjoubi omedetou</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selamat pagi =
ohayou (gozaimasu)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selamat siang
= konnichiwa</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selamat malam
= konbanwa</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selamat datang
= youkoso, itteirasai</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selamat
tinggal = sayonara</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selamat
istirahat = oyasumi (nasai)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Apa kabar =
ogenki desuka, o kigen ikaga desuka (formal)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sampai jumpa
lagi = mata aimashou, itte mairimasu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Spada = gomen
kudasai</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Permisi =
shitsureishimasu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Silakan =
douzo</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Maaf =
sumimasen, gomen (nasai)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Terimakasih =
doumo, arigatou (gozaimasu)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Terimakasih
kembali =<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>douitashimashite</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Iya = hai</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tidak = iie</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Saya berangkat
= ittekimasu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selamat jalan
= itterasshai</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Saya pulang =
tadaima</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selamat datang
= okaeri (nasai)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selamat makan
= itadakimasu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Terimakasih
utk hidangannya = gochisousama deshita</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ANGKA (BANGO)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1 = Ichi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2 = Ni</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3 = San</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4 = Shi/ yon</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5 = Go</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">6 = Roku</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">7 = Sichi/
nana</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">8 = Hachi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">9 = Ku/ kyuu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">10 = Juu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">11 = Juuichi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">12 = Juuni</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">13 = Juusan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">14 = Juushi/
juuyon</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">15 = Juugo</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">16 = Juuoku</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">17 = Juusichi/
juunana</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">18 = Juuhachi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">19 = Juukyuu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">20 = Nijuu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">21 = Nijuuichi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">22 = Nijuuni</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">23 = Nijuusan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">30 = Sanjuu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">37 =
Sanjuunana</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">40 = Shijuu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">50 = Gojuu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">60 = Rokujuu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">70 = Nanajuu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">80 = Hachijuu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">90 = Kujuu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">100 = Hyaku</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">101 =
Hyakuichi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">110 = Hyakujuu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">172 =
Hyakunanajuuni</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1.000 = Sen</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1997 =
Sen.kyuuhyaku.kyuujuu.nana</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2.000 = Nisen</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">10.000 = Man/
ichiman</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1.000.000 =
Hyakuman</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">HARI-HARI
(HIBI)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Minggu =
Nichiyoubi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Senin =
Getsuyoubi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selasa =
Kayoubi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rabu =
Suiyoubi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kamis =
Mokuyoubi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jumat =
Kinyoubi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sabtu =
Doyoubi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pagi = asa</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menjelang
siang = gozen</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Siang = hiru</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Menjelang sore
= gogo</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sore = yuugata</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Malam = yoru/
ban</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2 hari lalu =
ototoi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kemarin =
kinou</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hari ini =
kyou</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Besok = ashita</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2 hari lagi =
asatte</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dulu = mukashi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sekarang = ima</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Masa depan =
mirai/ shorai</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Minggu/ pekan
= shuu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Minggu depan =
rai shuu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">TANGGAL</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 1 =
Tsuitachi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 2 =
Futsuka</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 3 =
Mikka</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 4 =Yokka</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 5 =
Itsuka</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 6 =
Muika</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 7 =
Nonoka</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 8 =
Youka</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 9 =
Kokonoka</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 10 =
Toka</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 11 =
Juuichi nichi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 12 =
Juuni ichi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 14 =
Juuyokka</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 19 =
Juukyuu nichi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 20 =
Hatsuka</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 21 =
Nijuuichi nichi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 23 =
Nijuusan nichi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 24 =
Nijuuyokka</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 30 =
Sanjuu nichi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tanggal 31 =
Sanjuuichi nichi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">NAMA BULAN
.:rumus: bilangan pokok + gatsu:.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Januari =
Ichigatsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Februari =
Nigatsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Maret =
Sangatsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">April =
Yongatsu/ shigatsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mei = Gogatsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Juni =
Rokugatsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Juli =
Sichigatsu/ nanagatsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Agustus =
hachigatsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">September =
kugatsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Oktober =
juugatsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">November =
juuichigatsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Desember =
juunigatsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bulan = getsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bulan lalu =
sengetsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bulan ini =
kongetsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Bulan depan =
raigetsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">MUSIM (KISETSU)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musim panas =
natsu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musim gugur =
aki</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musim dingin =
fuyu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Musim semi =
haru</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Empat musim =
shiki</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tahun = nen/
toshi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tahu</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kiri = hidari</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Di depan = mae
ni</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Di belakang =
ushiro ni</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Di samping =
tonari ni</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">ANGGOTA TUBUH</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Rambut = kami
(no ke)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kepala = atama</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mata = me</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hidung = hana</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Telinga = mimi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Gigi = ha</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mulut = kuchi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tenggorokan =
nodo</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dada = mune</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Perut = onaka,
hara</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pusar = heso</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Lengan = ude</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Tangan = te</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jari = yubi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kaki = ashi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kuku = tsume</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">WARNA</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hitam = kuro</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Putih = shiro</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Merah = akai</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Biru = aoi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Hijau = midori</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kuning = soiro</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ungu =
murasaki</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Abu-abu =
haiiro</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Jingga =
orenjiiro</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Pink =
momoiroYa iy lah KATA GANTI</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Saya =
watashi, watakushi, shousa, boku, atashi, ore</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kami =
watashitachi, bokutachi, bokura, atashitachi, oretachi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kamu = anata,
kimi, omae</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Kamu sekalian
= anatagata, kimitachi, omaera</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dia (laki) =
kare, karera (jamak)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Dia
(perempuan) = kanojo, kanojora (jamak)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ini = kore,
korera (jamak)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Itu = sore,
are, sorera (jamak), arera (jamak)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">GREETING</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Selamat =
omedetou (gozaimasu).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Ohayou
Gozaimasu (<span lang="EN-US">おはようございます</span>) = Selamat pagi (Pukul 06:00 –
10:30)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Konnichiwa (<span lang="EN-US">こんにちは</span>) = Selamat Siang (Pukul 10:30 – 17:00)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Konbanwa (<span lang="EN-US">こんばんは</span>) = Selamat malam (Pukul 17:00 – 22:00)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Oyasuminasai (<span lang="EN-US">おやすみなさい</span>) = Selamat tidur (Biasanyadiucapkan kepada
pasangan/kekasih)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Sayounara (<span lang="EN-US">さようなら</span>) = Selamat tinggal (Diucapkan sebagai salam perpisahan
dalam jangka waktu yang lama)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mata ashita (<span lang="EN-US">またあした</span>) = Sampai jumpa besok (Diucapkan apabila besok bertemu
kembali)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mata raishuu (<span lang="EN-US">またらいしゅう</span>) = Sampai jumpa minggu depan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mata raigetsu
(<span lang="EN-US">またらいげつ</span>) = Sampai jumpa bulan depan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">Mata rainen (<span lang="EN-US">またらいねん</span>) = Sampai jumpa tahun depan (Biasanya ketika tahun
baru)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">1. <span lang="EN-US">大きい</span>(<span lang="EN-US">おおきい</span>) ooki-i = besar</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">2. <span lang="EN-US">小さい</span>(<span lang="EN-US">ちいさい</span>) chiisa-i = kecil</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">3. <span lang="EN-US">長い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">ながい</span>) naga-i = panjang</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">4. <span lang="EN-US">短い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">みじかい</span>) mijika-i = pendek</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">5. <span lang="EN-US">多い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">おおい</span>) oo-i = banyak</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">6. <span lang="EN-US">少ない</span>(<span lang="EN-US">すくない</span>) sukuna-i = sedikit</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">7. <span lang="EN-US">太い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">ふとい</span>) futo-i = gemuk, tebal</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">8. <span lang="EN-US">細い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">ほそい</span>) hoso-i = ramping, tipis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">9. <span lang="EN-US">厚い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">あつい</span>) atsu-i = tebal</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">10. <span lang="EN-US">薄い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">うすい</span>) usu-i = tipis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">11. <span lang="EN-US">固い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">かたい</span>) kata-i = keras</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">12. <span lang="EN-US">柔かい</span>(<span lang="EN-US">やわらかい</span>) yawaraka-i = lunak</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">13. <span lang="EN-US">細かい</span>(<span lang="EN-US">こまかい</span>) komaka-i = kecil(uang)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">14. <span lang="EN-US">粗い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">あらい</span>) ara-i = kasar</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">15. <span lang="EN-US">新しい</span>(<span lang="EN-US">あたらしい</span>) atarashi-i = baru</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">16. <span lang="EN-US">古い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">ふるい</span>) furu-i = lama, tua</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">17. <span lang="EN-US">高い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">たかい</span>) taka-i = mahal</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">18. <span lang="EN-US">安い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">やすい</span>) yasu-i = murah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">19. <span lang="EN-US">早い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">はやい</span>) haya-i = cepat (waktu)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">20. <span lang="EN-US">速い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">はやい</span>) haya-i = cepat (kelajuan)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">21. <span lang="EN-US">遅い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">おそい</span>) oso-i = lambat</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">22. <span lang="EN-US">遠い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">とおい</span>) too-i = jauh</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">23. <span lang="EN-US">近い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">ちかい</span>) chika-i = dekat</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">24. <span lang="EN-US">強い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">つよい</span>) tsuyo-i = kuat</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">25. <span lang="EN-US">弱い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">よわい</span>) yowa-i = lemah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">26. <span lang="EN-US">高い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">たかい</span>) taka-i = tinggi, mahal</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">27. <span lang="EN-US">低い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">ひくい</span>) hiku-i = rendah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">28. <span lang="EN-US">熱い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">あつい</span>) atsu-i = panas (utk benda
seperti makanan, minuman, air, dll)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">29. <span lang="EN-US">冷たい</span>(<span lang="EN-US">つめたい</span>) tsumeta-i = dingin (utk
benda seperti makanan, minuman, air, dll)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">30. <span lang="EN-US">温かい</span>(<span lang="EN-US">あたたかい</span>) atataka-i = hangat (utk
benda seperti makanan, minuman, air, dll)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">31. <span lang="EN-US">ぬるい</span> nuru-i = kurang panas. tidak panas dan tidak dingin juga.
(air)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">32. <span lang="EN-US">青い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">あおい</span>) ao-i = biru</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">33. <span lang="EN-US">赤い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">あかい</span>) aka-i = merah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">34. <span lang="EN-US">黄色い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">きいろい</span>) kiiro-i = kuning</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">35. <span lang="EN-US">黒い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">くろい</span>) kuro-i = hitam</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">36. <span lang="EN-US">白い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">しろい</span>) shiro-i = putih</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">37. <span lang="EN-US">茶色い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">ちゃいろい</span>) chairo-i = coklat</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">38. <span lang="EN-US">丸い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">まるい</span>) maru-i = bundar, bulat</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">39. <span lang="EN-US">甘い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">あまい</span>) ama-i = manis</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">40. <span lang="EN-US">辛い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">からい</span>) kara-i = pedas</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">41. <span lang="EN-US">すっぱい</span> suppa-i = asam</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">42. <span lang="EN-US">塩辛い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">しおからい</span>) shiokara-i = asin</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">43. <span lang="EN-US">苦い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">にがい</span>) niga-i = pahit</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">44. <span lang="EN-US">濃い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">こい</span>) ko-i = pekat</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">45. <span lang="EN-US">薄い</span>(<span lang="EN-US">うすい</span>) usu-i = tipis, encer(rasanya)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">.by:<span lang="EN-US">声優先輩</span>:3</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">みゆき産</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">今まで、ありがとう</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">けど、私の気持ち差。。</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"></span></p>
<p></p>Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-55694699147464965352020-10-22T19:38:00.007-07:002020-10-22T19:54:47.005-07:00PERKEMBANGAN DAN PERAN STRATEGIS RISET OPERASIONAL DALAM AKTIFITAS MANAGEMENT SCIENCE
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> BAB I</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Latar Belakang</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada mulanya
Riset Operasi tidak terlepas dari perang dunia ke II. karena terjadinya perang
maka terjadi sebuah kebutuhan, iyalah bagaimana cara mengalokasikan sumber
sumber daya yang sangat terbatas kepada berbagai elemen operasi militer dalam sebuah
kegiatan secara efektif. </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karena itulah
pemimpin pemimpin perang meminta saran kepada ahli dalam bidang sains untuk
melakukan pendekatan ilmiah untuk menghadapi permasalahan dan melakukan upaya
pemecahannya secara strategis.</p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rumusan Masalah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apa yang dimaksud dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>riset operasional?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimana perkembangan <span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">riset operasional?</span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 42.55pt; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>3.
<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bagaimana peran
strategis riset operasional dalam aktivitas management science?</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PEM BAHASAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Riset Operasional</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDkEwRVcRJwv3kR3uwM75UaPwIudBP1kUTAGTxsDqozXnit-1w1hINWFe7-US_IES2PdIJg6iD5fo71RY9x-Gi_J-yC8gQSMTM10LfonBOPqOl1f0cWSjl7-sTeEqLu4dvoIjnKZdzBYg/s1300/OR.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="1173" data-original-width="1300" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgDkEwRVcRJwv3kR3uwM75UaPwIudBP1kUTAGTxsDqozXnit-1w1hINWFe7-US_IES2PdIJg6iD5fo71RY9x-Gi_J-yC8gQSMTM10LfonBOPqOl1f0cWSjl7-sTeEqLu4dvoIjnKZdzBYg/s320/OR.jpg" width="320" /></a></span></b></div><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengertian</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara harfiah kata operation dapat didefenisikan sebagai
tindakan-tindakan yang diterapkan pada beberapa masalah atau hipotesis.
Sementara kata riset (<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">research</i>)
adalah suata proses yang terorganisasi dalam mencari kebenaran akan masalah
atau hipotesis tadi.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Kenyataannya, sangat
sulit untuk mendefenisikan Operation Research, terutama karena batas-batasnya
tidak jelas. Operation Reseach memiliki bermacam-macam penjelasan, berikut ini
beberapa kutipan defenisi operation research yang dikemukan oleh para ahli
operation research dalam berbagai literature.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Riset Operasi adalah suatu
aplikasi dari berbagai metoda ilmiah untuk tujuan penguraian terhadap
masala-masalah yang kompleks yang muncul dalam pengarahan dan pengelolaan dari
suatu sistem besar (manusia, mesin-mesin, bahan-bahan, dan uang) dalam bidang
perindustrian, bisnis, pemerintahan, dan pertahanan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pendekatan
khusus ini bertujuan membentuk suatu model ilmiah dari sistem, menggabungkan
berbagai faktor seperti kesempatan dan resiko, untuk meramalkan dan
membandingkan hasil-hasil dari beberapa keputusan, strategi, atau pengawasan.
Tujuannya adalah membantu pengambil keputusan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menentukan kebijaksanaan dan tindakannya secara ilmiah. (Operation
Research Society of Great Britain).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Riset
Operasi berkaitan dengan menentukan pilihan secara ilmiah bagaimana merancang
dan menjalankan sistem manusia-mesin secara terbaik, biasanya membutuhkan
alokasi sumber daya yang langka.<i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></i><span style="color: black; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">(Dari buku Operation Reseach
Principiles and Practice, karangan A.Ravindram dan Don T. Phillips dan James J.
Solberg, dikutip dari Operation Reseach Society of America)</span>.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Riset Operasional berkaitan
dengan menentukan pilihan secara ilmiah bagaimana merancang dan menjalankan
sistem manusia-mesin secara terbaik, biasanya membutuhkan alokasi sumber daya
yang langka.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Operations research adalah
pendekatan dalam pengambilan keputusan yang ditandai dengan penggunaan
pengetahuan ilmiah melalui usaha kelompok antar disiplin yang bertujuan
menentukan penggunaan terbaik sumberdaya yang terbatas. (Churchman, Ackoff dan
Arnoff, 1957).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Operations research
dijelaskan sebagai suatu metode, suatu pendekatan, seperangkat teknik,
sekelompok kegiatan, suatu kombinasi beberapa disiplin, suatu perluasan dari
disipilin-disiplin utama (matematika, teknik, ekonomi), suatu disiplinbaru, suatu
lapangan kerja, bahkan suatu agama. OR mungkin beberapa dari semua hal ini.
(S.L. Cook dalam Little Chid, 1977) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ciri-Ciri
Riset Operasi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk
membuat suatu keputusan yang tepat, seorang manajer harus mengetahui dan
memahami apa yang dimaksud dengan riset operasi tersebut. <b>Ciri-ciri
riset operasi</b> yang harus diketahui oleh seorang manajer adalah sebagai
berikut :</span></p>
<ol start="1" style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="1"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terpusat
pada pembuatan keputusan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Hasil akhir riset operasi
harus berupa informasi yang secara langsung membantu manajer mencapai suatu
keputusan.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan
metode ilmiah</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Riset operasi mempergunakan pendekatan ilmiah
untuk pemecahan masalah, yang meliputi perumusan masalah, pemahaman
perilaku sistem masalah, dan pengembangan berbagai penyelesaian yang
mungkin.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan
model matematik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Suatu model adalah suatu penyajian dari
kenyataan. Riset operasi menyederhanakan unsur-unsur masalah kompleks
menjadi berbagai persamaan matematik, yang digunakan untuk menyusun suatu
model. Unsur-unsur model diubah-ubah dan dimanipulasi dalam berbagai
percobaan yang dibuat, serta hasil-hasilnya dilaporkan dengan anggapan
akan terjadi dalam situasi nyata.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Efektifitas
ekonomis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Kegiatan yang disarankan oleh riset operasi
harus memberi hasil keuangan yang lebih besar dibanding biayanya, dalam
bentuk penghematan atau penghasilan.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bergantung
pada komputer</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Komputer biasanya diperlukan untuk memroses
model, bila perhitungan yag harus dilakukan terlalu kompleks atau
membosankan bagi manusia untuk menanganinya secara efisien.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pendekatan
tim</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Masalah-masalah yang dialamatkan kepada riset
operasi sering terlalu kompleks bagi seorang untuk memecahkannya sendiri.
Berbagai ketrampilan dan pengetahuan dari sejumlah spesialis berbagai
disiplin ilmu diperlukan sebagai suatu tim.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Orientasi
sistem</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Riset operasi memperhitungkan apa yang paling
baik bagi organisasi secara keseluruhan. Proses riset operasi seringkali
ditandai dengan kesulitan dalam menghadapi perbedaan kepentingan, tidak
hanya antara bagian dan keseluruhan, tetapi juga di antara bagian-bagian
sendiri.</span></li></ol>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejarah
Perkembangan Riset Operasional</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada mulanya Riset Operasi tidak terlepas dari
perang dunia ke II. karena terjadinya perang maka terjadi sebuah kebutuhan,
iyalah bagaimana cara mengalokasikan sumber sumber daya yang sangat terbatas
kepada berbagai elemen operasi militer dalam sebuah kegiatan secara efektif ,
Karena itulah pemimpin pemimpin perang meminta saran kepada ahli dalam bidang
sains untuk melakukan pendekatan ilmiah untuk menghadapi permasalahan dan
melakukan upaya pemecahannya secara strategis. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;">Pada tahun 1939 G.A Robert dan E.C
Willia, mengembangkan untuk pertama kalinya sebuah sistem komunikasi untuk
Angkatan Udara(AU) Inggris. Kemudian pada tahun1940 , Riset Operasi digunakan
oleh McClosky dan Trefthen dari Inggris untuk menenmukan suatu alat baru untuk
mendeteksi kegiatan militer musuh, mulai dari situlah ditemukan alat pendeteksi
yaitu Radar. Pada saat Amerika terlibat dalam perang dunia , 1942-1943
dibentuklah divisi Riset Analisis.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Riset
operasi adalah penerapan metode-metode ilmiah terhadap masalah-masalah rumit
yang muncul dalam pengarahan dan pengolahan dari suatu sistem besar manusia,
mesin, bahan, dan uang dalam industri, bisnis, pemerintahan dan pertahanan.
Pendekatan khusus ini bertujuan membentuk suatu model ilmiah dari sistem,
menggabungkan ukuran-ukuran faktor faktor seperti kesempatan dan resiko, untuk
meramalkan dan membandingkan hasil-hasil dari beberapa keputusan, strategi atau
pengawasan. Tujuannya adalah membantu pengambilan keputusan menentukan
kebijakan dan tindakannya secara ilmiah.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: list 18.0pt left 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="color: black;">Peran Strategis
Riset Operasional Dalam Aktivitas Management Science</span></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pendekatan
yang digunakan pada riset operasional adalah pendekatan dengan metode ilmiah.
Pendekatan ini biasanya dimulai dengan dilakukannya observasi dan formulasi
masalah, kemudian dilanjutkan dengan membuat permodelan (biasanya berbentuk
model matematis) yang menyatakan esensi dari keadaan yang sebenarnya yang akan
dianalisis. Selanjutnya dicari solusi optimal berdasarkan model yang dibuat dan
dilakukan penerapan solusi yang diperoleh untuk memecahkan masalah.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Mulai dari “pendekatan pengetahuan untuk
pengambilan keputusan”, “penggunaan perangkat kuantitatif untuk sistem yang
asalnya dari kehidupan nyata”, sampai dengan “ilmu pengembilan keputusan”, dan
sebagainya. Pada pertengahan 1970-an, Operations Research Society of America
mendefinisikan artinya sebagai berikut :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">“Riset Operasi dikaitkan dengan ilmu
pengetahuan yang memutuskan bagaimana rancangan dan operasi terbaik pada sistem
manusia-mesin yang biasanya dalam kondisi membutuhkan alokasi sumber daya yang
terbatas”</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Banyak
kasus-kasus dalam perusahaan yang membutuhkan pemecahan masalah secara
kuantitatif dengan metode riset operasi agar dapat mengoptimalkan penggunaan
sumber daya untuk mendapat keuntungan yang maksimal atau menggunakan biaya yang
minimal. Sebagai contoh kasus keterbatasan bahan baku pembuatan barang yang
dikaitkan dengan keuntungan yang ingin dimaksimalkan, perusahaan listrik negara
dalam mengkonstruksi lintasan/jalur distribusi listrik tentu tidak asal sambung-menyambung
instalasi kabel listrik untuk sampainya jaringan distribusi listrik dari
konsumen ke konsumen, produk-produk yang dihasilkan pabrik yang kemudian
ditampung dan gudang-gudang penyimpanan tentu memakan biaya dan ingin agar
biaya yang digunakan minimal dengan penggunaan gudang secara maksimal,
bagaimana sebuah proyek dapat dipercepat dengan melakukan paralelisme
langkah-langkah penyelesaian, dan masih banyak lagi kasus-kasus sejenis yang
membutuhkan riset operasi untuk diselesaikan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cara
yang biasa digunakan untuk menggambarkan situasi untuk model riset operasi
adalah yang pertama menentukan segala sesuatu apa yang <i>ingin dilakukan</i>,
dan segala sesuatu apa <i>yang dipunyai</i> untuk melakukan dan hasilnya. Apa
yang ingin dicapai (keuntungan tinggi, level kepuasan konsumen yang tinggi,
area pemasaran yang luas, biaya produksi rendah, atau sejenisnya) adalah
merupakan <i>tujuan</i>. Disisi lain, semua kebutuhan (seperti pembatasan
budget, keterbatasan kemempuan perusahaan dalam hal <i>manpower</i>, dasar
pengetahuan, ketersediaan mesin, dan sebagainya) disebut dengan <i>constraints</i>.
Sedangkan dalam kebanyakan perangkat riset operasi, tujuan (objective) dan
kendala (constraint) harus secara jelas dipisahkan, hal ini harus selalu sesuai
dengan kenyataannya. Misalnya, budget yang digunakan dalam satu bulan tidak
melebihi yang disediakan, artinya bagaimanapun teknik solusi yang diberikan,
jika melampaui batas ketersediaan budget maka tidak memberikan solusi dengan
benar.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setiap
model riset operasi akan meliputi <i>parameters</i> dan <i>variables</i>.
Parameter adalah jumlah yang dipunyai (atau dapat menentukan), tetapi tidak
dalam control kita, variabel adalah jumlah yang tidak diketahui (tapi akan
diketahui), dan dimana merupakan arah pekerjaan kita. Misalnya, perkiraan
kebutuhan untuk produk adalah parameter, sedangkan jumlah unit yang dibuat
adalah variabel. Jenis truk yang digunakan untuk pengiriman dan rute perjalanan
truk yang dipakai adalah variabel, sedangkan lokasi gudang customer adalah
parameter. Tujuan dari metode solusi adalah menentukan nilai actual variabel,
misalnya menentukan level produksi, jenis truk dan rute yang dpakai.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada empat konsentrasi utama ketika
menerapkan model riset operasi :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Feasibility</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (dapatkan kita melakukan ini ?)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Optimality</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(apakah ini adalah yang terbaik yang
dapat kita lakukan dengan apa yang kita punya ?)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sensitivity</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(apa yang terjadi, jika beberapa
parameter atau kondisi masukan keluar dari control)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 36pt; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt list 36.0pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Implementability</span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> (apakah solusi yang sudah
didapatkan sebenarnya dapat dilakukan ?)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keempat
<b>fungsi manajemen</b> (POAC), merupakan hal yang sifatnya umum dan mendasar
bagi setiap manajer di semua bidang. Di samping adanya fungsi-fungsi manajemen
tadi, maka seorang manajer personel harus juga memiliki kemampuan dalam
fungsi-fungsi operasional. Fungsi-fungsi operasional tersebut adalah perolehan
pegawai, pengembangan, pemberian imbalan, integrasi, pemeliharaan, dan
pemutusan hubungan kerja.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam
pembelajaran riset operasional pun </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; letter-spacing: -0.3pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: IN;">diharapkan mempunyai
kompetensi: memahami perkembangan/isu penting terbaru <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">(important issue)</i> dan permasalahan dalam pengelolaan/manajemen
didasarkan pada Riset Operasional, menjelaskan <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">milestone</i> peran strategis Riset Operasional dalam aktifitas <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">Management Science, </i>memahami konsep
dasar dan kajian-kajian dalam Riset Operasional secara komprehensif, melakukan
analisis kasus (identifikasi masalah, analisis situasi, tinjauan teoritis, dan
rekomendasi solusi masalah) untuk memecahkan persoalan-persoalan yang berkaitan
dengan Riset Operasional, dan menguasai software Riset Operasional <i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;">POM for Windows</i> untuk memecahkan
persoalan-persoalan yang berkaitan dengan Riset Operasional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Riset
operasi berkaitan dengan model kuantitatif dan solusinya. Dalam kenyataanna,
dimana sejumlah orang membuat perbedaan : mereka mengklaim bahwa manajemen
sains paling banyak berkonsentrasi dengan model, riset operasi hanya memberikan
metode solusi. Model yang dibangun pada scenario yang diberikan adalah
(diharapkan mendekati) gambaran<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dari
kenyataannya. Model yang dibangun tidak pernah memasukkan semua komponen dan
situasi nyata, fitur seperti beberapa pilihan criteria yang digunakan oleh
konsumen tidak sepenuhnya diamati dan akan diabaikan, penghindaran resiko
pembuat keputusan, dimana hal tesebut mungkin dimasukkan pada beberapa tingkat
model pembuatan keputusan, tidak secara lengkap dijelaskan dan akan
diperkirakan atau diabaikan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Simpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dengan demikian, untuk menjalankan suatu
organisasi atau perusahaan dalam kaitannya dengan pembuatan suatu keputusan,
seorang manajer harus cukup mengetahui atau menguasai suatu riset operasi
sehingga dapat memilih pendekatan yang tepat bagi organisasinya. Atau dapat
juga dalam hal ini seorang manajer mengkomunikasikan kepada staf profesional
yang akan membuat pilihan. Karena teknik-teknik riset operasi ini terus
berkembang, maka seorang manajer harus mau belajar tentang ciri-cir dari riset
operasi serta bagaimana cara menggunakannya.</span><span style="color: black; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 13pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Saran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Diharapkan
terdapat para manajer yang lebih berpengetahuan mengenai dunia analisis
khususnya dibidang Riset Operasional. Para professional baru harus mampu
membangun cara yang sistematis mengenai sebuah Riset Operasional.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="break-before: page; mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">DAFTAR PUSTAKA</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span lang="SV" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: SV; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hotniar
Siringoringo. Riset Operasional Seri Pemrograman Linear. Graha Ilmu,
Yogyakarta. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2005.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hamdy A. Taha. Operation Research.:
An Introduction, McMillan, 1992.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hilier, Frederich S. and Lieberman.
Introduction to Operation Research, McGraw-Hill, 1990.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><a href="http://legalstudies71.blogspot.com/2016/02/pengertian-riset-operasi-management.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://legalstudies71.blogspot.com/2016/02/pengertian-riset-operasi-management.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><a href="http://wulaninspirator.blogspot.com/2013/01/tugas-operasional-riset.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://wulaninspirator.blogspot.com/2013/01/tugas-operasional-riset.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><a href="https://www.academia.edu/9584566/MAKALAH_RISET_OPERASIONAL?auto=download"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">https://www.academia.edu/9584566/MAKALAH_RISET_OPERASIONAL?auto=download</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; margin: 0cm 0cm 0cm 21.3pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><a href="http://bedahrumahnew.blogspot.com/2015/11/definisi-riset-operasi-dan-penerapannya.html"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">http://bedahrumahnew.blogspot.com/2015/11/definisi-riset-operasi-dan-penerapannya.html</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
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</p><h2 align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">NEGARA
ASEAN</span></h2><h2 align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> <br /></span></h2><h2 align="center" style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRMDZDu8l3y7nAMHMxeY6wWPg1uDv6KPt-uW4ULo_QwxMALSi3wRhIRG7IRLulHqVGWfDEVPLJU5uHwCBOSpGU24YFSiHOnq1aSGIQeaVng76u-s__MznClD-uMXUycVe0Sk_nctid9Pk/s582/BJWwsWYHgg5DIHZFkW8HxsmFOpbXPz_e2J6-JNcffTM.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="471" data-original-width="582" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgRMDZDu8l3y7nAMHMxeY6wWPg1uDv6KPt-uW4ULo_QwxMALSi3wRhIRG7IRLulHqVGWfDEVPLJU5uHwCBOSpGU24YFSiHOnq1aSGIQeaVng76u-s__MznClD-uMXUycVe0Sk_nctid9Pk/s320/BJWwsWYHgg5DIHZFkW8HxsmFOpbXPz_e2J6-JNcffTM.png" width="320" /></a></div></span></h2>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">1. Brunei Darussalam</span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Ibukota: Bandar Seri Begawan<br />
Luas Wilayah: 5.765 km<sup>2</sup><br />
Bahasa Resmi: Melayu, Inggris, Cina <br />
Pemerintahan: Monarki (Kesultanan)<br />
Kepala Negara: Sultan<br />
Kepala Pemerintahan: Sultan <br />
Agama: Islam, Budha, Kristen<br />
Mata Uang: Dolar Brunei (BND)<br />
Hari Kemerdekaan: 1 Januari 1984<br />
Lagu Nasional: Allah Peliharakan Sultan<br />
Tanggal bergabung: 07 Januari 1984</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Batas Negara Brunei Darussalam:</p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Utara: Laut
Cina Selatan</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Timur:
Serawak</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selatan:
Serawak</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barat:
Serawak</span></li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Brunei Darussalam memiliki
pendapatan perkapita tertinggi diantara negara Asia Tenggara lainnya. Industri
utama di Brunei ada di bidang minyak bumi, gas alam dan perikanan.</p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"> </p>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">2. Filipina</span></h2>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Ibukota: Manila<br />
Luas Wilayah: 300.000 km<sup>2</sup><br />
Bahasa: Filipino/Tagalog dan Inggris<br />
Pemerintahan: Republik<br />
Kepala Negara: Presiden<br />
Kepala Pemerintahan: Presiden<br />
Agama: Katolik Roma, Islam, dan Protestan <br />
Mata Uang: Peso (PHP)<br />
Hari Kemerdekaan: 12 Juni 1898<br />
Lagu Nasional: <em>Lupang Hinirang</em> (Tanah Terpilih) <br />
Tanggal bergabung: 08 Agustus 1967</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Batas Negara Filipina:</p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Utara:
Taiwan</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Timur:
Samudra Pasifik</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selatan:
Laut Sulawesi dan Laut Sulu</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l8 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barat: Laut
Cina Selatan</span></li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Filipina merupakan negara
kepulauan. Filipina menjadi negara dengan jumlah penduduk terbanyak kedua di
ASEAN. Industri utamanya adalah kayu, otomotif , industri, dan pertanian</p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"> </p>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">3. Indonesia</span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Ibukota: Jakarta<br />
Luas Wilayah: 1.904.569 km<sup>2</sup> <br />
Bahasa: Indonesia<br />
Pemerintahan: Republik<br />
Kepala Negara: Presiden<br />
Kepala Pemerintahan: Presiden<br />
Agama: Islam, Kristen, Katholik, Hindu, dan Budha <br />
Mata Uang: Rupiah (IDR)<br />
Hari Kemerdekaan: 17 Agustus 1945<br />
Lagu Nasional: Indonesia Raya<br />
Hasil Utama : minyak bumi, gas alam, logam, rotan, dan kayu<br />
Tanggal bergabung: 08 Agustus 1967</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Batas Negara Indonesia:</p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Utara:
Singapura, Malaysia, Laut Cina Selatan. Selat Malaka, dan Samudera Pasifik</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Timur:
Papua Nugini</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selatan:
Samudra Hindia</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barat:
Samudra Hindia</span></li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Indonesia adalah negara yang
memiliki luas wilayah terbesar di Asia Tenggara. Indonesia juga merupakan
negara di Asia Tenggara dengan jumlah penduduk terbanyak. Industri utama di
Indonesia adalah minyak bumi, batu bara, dan kelapa sawit.</p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"> </p>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">4. Kamboja</span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Ibu Kota: Phnom Penh<br />
Luas Wilayah: 181.035 km<sup>2</sup><br />
Bahasa Resmi: Khmer<br />
Pemerintahan: Kerajaan<br />
Kepala Negara: Raja<br />
Kepala Pemerintahan: Perdana Menteri <br />
Agama: Budha dan Islam<br />
Mata Uang: Riel Kamboja (KHR)<br />
Hari Kemerdekaan: 9 November 1953<br />
Lagu Nasional: Nokoreach<br />
Tanggal bergabung: 30 April 1999</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Bantas Negara Kamboja:</p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Utara: Laos</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Timur:
Thailand</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selatan:
Laos</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l9 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barat:
Thailand</span></li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Kamboja memiliki julukan sebagai
negara seribu candi. Industri utama di Kamboja adalah pertanian dan pakaian.</p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"> </p>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">5. Laos</span></h2>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Ibukota: Vientiane<br />
Luas Wilayah: 236.800 km<sup>2</sup><br />
Bahasa Resmi: Lao<br />
Pemerintahan: Republik<br />
Kepala Negara: Presiden<br />
Kepala Pemerintahan: Perdana Menteri<br />
Agama: Budha, Kristen dan Animisme <br />
Mata Uang: Kip Laos (LAK)<br />
Hari Kemerdekaan: 19 Juli 1949<br />
Lagu Nasional: Pheng Xat Lao (Hymn of the Lao People)<br />
Tanggal bergabung: 23 Juli 1997</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Batas Negara Laos:</p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Utara: RRC</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Timur:
Vietnam</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selatan:
Kamboja dan Thailand</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barat:
Myanmar dan Thailand</span></li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Laos merupakan negara di Asia
Tenggara dengan pendapatan perkapita terendah (2018). Industri utama Laos
adalah tembaga dan elektronika.</p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"> </p>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">6. Malaysia</span></h2>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Ibukota: Kuala Lumpur<br />
Luas Wilayah: 329.847 km<sup>2</sup><br />
Bahasa: Melayu<br />
Pemerintahan: Kerajaan Konstitusi<br />
Kepala Negara: Sultan (Yang Dipertuan Agung)<br />
Kepala Pemerintahan: Perdana Menteri <br />
Agama: Islam (resmi), Kong Hu Cu, Budha, Kristen<br />
Mata Uang: Ringgit (MYR)<br />
Hari Kemerdekaan: 31 Agustus 1957<br />
Lagu Nasional: Negaraku <br />
Tanggal bergabung: 08 Agustus 1967</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Batas Negara Malaysia:</p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Utara: Laut
Cina Selatan Dan Thailand</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Timur:
Indonesia dan Laut Sulu</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selatan:
Indonesia dan Singapura</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l7 level1 lfo6; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barat:
Selat Malaka</span></li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Wilayah Malaysia terbagi menjadi
dua, yakni Malaysia bagian barat dan timur. Industri utama di Malaysia adalah
minyak sawit dan elektronik.</p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"> </p>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">7. Myanmar (Burma)</span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Ibukota: Naypyidaw<br />
Luas Wilayah: 676.578 km<sup>2</sup><br />
Bahasa Resmi: Myanmar<br />
Pemerintahan: Republik<br />
Kepala Negara: Presiden<br />
Kepala Pemerintahan: Perdana Menteri<br />
Agama: Budha, Islam, Kristen, Hindu<br />
Mata Uang: Kyat Myanmar (MMK)<br />
Hari Kemerdekaan: 4 Januari 1948<br />
Lagu Nasional: Kaba Ma Kyei <br />
Tanggal bergabung: 23 Juli 1997</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Batas Negara Myanmar:</p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Utara : RRC</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Timur :
Thailand dan Laos</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selatan :
Teluk Bangla</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barat :
Banglades</span></li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Myanmar pada awalnya dikenal
sebagai nama Burma. Industri utama Myanmar adalah gas alam, pakaian dan
pertanian.</p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"> </p>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">8. Singapura</span></h2>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><span style="mso-no-proof: yes;"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Ibukota: Singapura<br />
Luas Wilayah: 697 km<sup>2</sup><br />
Bahasa: Inggris, Melayu, Mandarin, dan Tamil<br />
Pemerintahan: Republik<br />
Kepala Negara: Presiden<br />
Kepala Pemerintahan: Perdana Menteri<br />
Agama: Budha, Hindu, Islam, Kristen<br />
Mata Uang: Dolar Singapura (SGD)<br />
Hari Kemerdekaan: 9 Agustus 1965<br />
Lagu Nasional: Majulah Singapura <br />
Tanggal bergabung: 08 Agustus 1967</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Batas Negara Singapura:</p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Utara:
Selatan Johor</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Timur:
Selat Karimata</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selatan:
Selat Singapura</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo8; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barat:
Selat Malaka</span></li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Singapura memiliki luas wilayah
terkecil di Asia Tenggara. Bidang usaha utama di Singapura adalah industri,
perdagangan, dan jasa.</p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"> </p>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">9. Thailand</span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Ibukota: Bangkok<br />
Luas Wilayah: 513.120 km<sup>2</sup><br />
Bahasa: Thai<br />
Pemerintahan: Kerajaan Konstitusi<br />
Kepala Negara: Raja<br />
Kepala Pemerintahan: Perdana Menteri <br />
Agama: Budha (resmi), Islam, dan Kristen<br />
Mata Uang: Baht (THB)<br />
Hari Kemerdekaan: <em>tidak pernah dijajah oleh negara lain</em><br />
Lagu Nasional: Phleng Chat Thai <br />
Tanggal bergabung: 08 Agustus 1967</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Batas Negara:</p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Utara:
Myanmar Dan Laos</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Timur: Laos
Dan Kamboja</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selatan:
Malaysia dan Teluk Siam</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo9; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barat:
Myanmar dan Samudra Hindia</span></li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Thailand adalah satu-satunya negara
di kawasan Asia Tenggara yang tidak pernah dijajah negara lain. Industri utama
di Thailand adalah elektronik, otomotif, karet, dan beras.</p><p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"> </p>
<h2 style="line-height: normal; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">10. Vietnam</span></h2>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Ibukota: Hanoi<br />
Luas Wilayah: 331.210 km<sup>2</sup><br />
Bahasa Resmi: Vietnam<br />
Pemerintahan: Kesatuan Marxis-Leninis satu partai sosialis republik<br />
Kepala Negara: Presiden<br />
Kepala Pemerintahan: Perdana Menteri<br />
Agama: Konghucu, Taoisme<br />
Mata Uang: Dong (VND)<br />
Hari Kemerdekaan: 2 September 1945 (dari Prancis)<br />
Lagu Nasional: Tien quan ca<br />
Tanggal bergabung: 28 Juli 1995</p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Batas Negara Vietnam:</p>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Utara: RRC</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Timur: Laut
Cina Selatan</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Selatan:
Laut Cina Selatan</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo10; tab-stops: list 36.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Barat:
Kamboja dan Laos</span></li></ul>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">Industri utama Vietnam adalah pertanian
dan pakaian.</p>
Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com1tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-42867250418943315202020-10-21T00:30:00.005-07:002020-10-21T00:30:46.036-07:00PRAKTIKUM KOROSI PADA LOGAM BESI<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">PRAKTIKUM KOROSI PADA LOGAM BESI</span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUGHEiFWv15F2sD6uytNT4CVbsUvKbqA2_q8D98tBPdep-duR1JGCYNoqjSIBONpD69LAI2LcEnD_YingY9OPkcgYpBNuhPQYKWtY949c8tXIoquawl-TYkU4jTC21RNRYK6ALFaqOTeA/s1322/Untitled.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="412" data-original-width="1322" height="157" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgUGHEiFWv15F2sD6uytNT4CVbsUvKbqA2_q8D98tBPdep-duR1JGCYNoqjSIBONpD69LAI2LcEnD_YingY9OPkcgYpBNuhPQYKWtY949c8tXIoquawl-TYkU4jTC21RNRYK6ALFaqOTeA/w502-h157/Untitled.png" width="502" /></a></b></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /> I Tujuan </b><p></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Untuk mengetahui pengaruh
berbagai sampel terhadap korosi pada paku besi .</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Untuk
mengetahui maksud dari korosi.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Untuk
mengetahui jenis-jenis korosi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Untuk
mengetahui proses terjadinya korosi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Untuk
mengetahui faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya korosi</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
mengetahui cara mencegah terjadinya korosi</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Untuk
mengetahui dampak yang ditimbulkan akibat korosi</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II. Alat Bahan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Alat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>: <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Paku Besi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kecil 5 dan besar 5 buah<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span>Bahan : Air</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aqua
Gelas<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>10 buah<span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Cuka<span style="mso-tab-count: 3;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Amplas<span style="mso-tab-count: 6;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Minyak</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Serbet<span style="mso-tab-count: 7;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Garam Dapur<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 2;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 36.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Plastik
penutup</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karet
gelang</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III. Cara kerja</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Siapkan alat dan bahannya</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Ambil
10 buah gelas aqua, lalu bersihkan.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Beri
nama untuk setiap aqua gelas sesuai dengan nama larutan. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Aqua gelas I <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Paku kecil +
Terbuka), </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Aqua gelas II <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Paku kecil +
air + terbuka), </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Aqua gelas III <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Paku kecil
+ Cuka + terbuka),</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Aqua gelas IV <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Paku kecil +
Larutan garam + terbuka), </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Aqua gelas V <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Paku kecil +
minyak + terbuka), </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Aqua gelas VI (Paku kecil tertutup), </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Aqua gelas VII <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Paku besar
+ air + tertutup), </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Aqua gelas VIII (Paku besar + cuka +tertutup), </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Aqua gelas IX <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Paku besar +
larutan garam + tertutup), </span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Aqua gelas X <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>(Paku besar +
minyak + terbuka).</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Setelah masing-masing aqua
gelas sudah diberi nama, lalu masukan kapan/waktu <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kedalam masing-masing aqua gelas tersebut.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Masukkan paku kecil kedalam
gelas I.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Masukkan paku kecil kedalam
gelas II, lalu tuangkan air kedalam gelas I.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">7.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Masukkan paku kecil kedalam
gelas III, lalu tuangkan cuka kedalam gelas II</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">8.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Masukkan paku kecil kedalam
gelas IV, lalu tuangkan larutan garam kedalam gelas III</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">9.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Masukkan paku kecil kedalam
gelas V, lalu tuangkan minyak kedalam gelas V.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">10.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Masukkan paku kecil kedalam
gelas VI, lalu ditutup dengan plastik, dan diikatdengan karet supaya tidak ada
celah udara yang masuk.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">
</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">11.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Masukkan air kedalam gelas VII,
lalu taruhlah paku besar kedalam gelas danlangsung ditutup dengan plastik.
Ikatlah dengan karet supaya tidak ada celah udara yang masuk.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">12.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Masukkan cuka kedalam gelas
VIII, lalu taruhlah paku besar kedalam gelas danlangsung ditutup dengan
plastik. Ikatlah dengan karet supaya tidak ada celah udarayang masuk</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">13.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Masukkan larutan garam kedalam
gelas IX, lalu taruhlah paku besar kedalam gelasdan langsung ditutup dengan
plastik. Ikatlah dengan karet supaya tidak ada celah udara yang masuk.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-align: justify; text-indent: -18.0pt; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">14.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Masukkan minyak kedalam gelas
X, lalu taruhlah paku besar kedalam gelas danlangsung ditutup dengan plastik.
Ikatlah dengan karet supaya tidak ada celah udara yang masuk.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">15.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Letakkan aqua gelas tersebut di
jendela, lalu amatilah selama 5 hari perubahan paku tersebut, kemudian
didokumentasikan untuk mengamati perubahan pada paku hari demi hari.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo2; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">16.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Setelah diamati, masukkan data
yang didapat ke tabel yang telah disediakan</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IV. Data Pengamatan</span></b></p>
<table border="1" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoTableGrid" style="border-collapse: collapse; border: none; margin-left: 12.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-yfti-tbllook: 1184;">
<tbody><tr style="mso-yfti-firstrow: yes; mso-yfti-irow: 0;">
<td style="border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">No Gelas</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.25pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Perlakuan</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hari 1</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hari 2</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hari 3</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hari 4</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.85pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Hari 5</span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 3.5pt; mso-yfti-irow: 1;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">I</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.25pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Terbuka</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak
berkarat</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; height: 3.5pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.85pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 2;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">II</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.25pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="background: #E9E9E9; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Air <span class="l"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; padding: 0cm;">+ terbuka</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedikit berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedikit </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berkarat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sangat berkarat</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sangat berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.85pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sangat berkarat sekali</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 3;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">III</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.25pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cuka
+ Terbuka</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.85pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 4;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IV</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.25pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan
Garam + Terbuka</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedikit </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedikit </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedikit </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.85pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Banyak berkarat </span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 5;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">V</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.25pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak
+ Terbuka</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.85pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 6;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VI</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.25pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tertutup</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.85pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 7;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VII</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.25pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Air
+ Tertutup</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedikit </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedikit </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sangat berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sangat berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.85pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Sangat berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 8;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">VIII</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.25pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Cuka
+ Tertutup</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.85pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 9;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">IX</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.25pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Larutan
Garam + Tertutup</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedikit </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedikit </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedikit </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedikit </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.85pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Sedikit </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="mso-yfti-irow: 10; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: solid black 1.0pt; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 64.3pt;" valign="top" width="86">
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4; text-align: center;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">X</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 141.25pt;" valign="top" width="188">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Minyak
+ Tertutup</span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.8pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 2.0cm;" valign="top" width="76">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 63.75pt;" valign="top" width="85">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 58.65pt;" valign="top" width="78">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border-left: none; border-right: solid black 1.0pt; border-top: none; mso-border-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-bottom-themecolor: text1; mso-border-left-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-left-themecolor: text1; mso-border-right-themecolor: text1; mso-border-themecolor: text1; mso-border-top-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-border-top-themecolor: text1; padding: 0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; width: 61.85pt;" valign="top" width="82">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Tidak berkarat</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">.......... diisi dengan tidak<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>berkarat, sedikit berkarat, sangat berkarat
dan sangat berkarat sekali.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 7.5pt; margin-left: 0cm; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 7.5pt; mso-outline-level: 4;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">V. Pertanyaan </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Jelaskan pengertian dari korosi
pada logam?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Sebutkan
jenis-jenis korosi pada logam?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Jelaskan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>proses terjadinya korosi pada logam?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; padding: 0cm;">Sebutkan
faktor yang menyebabkan terjadinya korosi pada logam?</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo3; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jelaskan cara mencegah terjadinya
korosi pada logam? Dan Sebutkan dampak yang ditimbulkan akibat korosi pada
logam?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">Jawaban </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">-<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Yaitu </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">peristiwa
perusakan logam oleh karena terjadinya reaksi kimia antara logam dengan zat-zat
di lingkungannya membentuk senyawa yang tak dikehendaki.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 35.45pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l5 level1 lfo7; tab-stops: 49.65pt; text-indent: .55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">-<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Korosi merupakan reaksi redoks antara logam dengan zat lain dan
menghasilkan senyawa yang tidak dikehendaki misal korosi besi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="Default"> </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">a. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Uniform attack
( korosi seragam )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">b. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pitting corrosion ( korosi sumur )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">c. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Errosion Corrosion ( korosi erosi )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">d. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Galvaniscorrosion (korosi galvanis )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">e. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Stress corrosion (korosi tegangan )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">f. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Crevice corrosion ( korosi celah )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">g. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Korosi mikrobiologi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">h. </span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Fatigue corrosion ( korosi lelah )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span class="hgkelc"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span></span><span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada</span></span><span class="hgkelc"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;"> peristiwa <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">korosi</span>, <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">logam</span> mengalami oksidasi, sedangkan oksigen (udara) mengalami
reduksi. Karat <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">logam</span> umumnya
adalah berupa oksida atau karbonat. ... <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Korosi</span>
merupakan <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">proses</span> elektrokimia. <span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;">Pada korosi</span> besi, bagian tertentu dari
besi itu berlaku sebagai anode, di mana besi mengalami oksidasi.</span></span><span class="hgkelc"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span><strong>1. Air dan kelembaban udara</strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><strong>2. Elektrolit</strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong>3.
Permukaan logam yang tidak rata</strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><strong>4. Terbentuknya sel elektrokimia</strong><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"></span></strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><strong><span style="font-weight: normal; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span></strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"> </b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Cara mencegah terjadinya korosi :</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perlindungan
mekanis</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Pengecatan</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Melumuri dengan oli</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Melapisi dengan seng</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">4.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Melapisi dengan timah</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">5.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Membalut dengan plastik</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l2 level1 lfo5; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">6.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Membuat paduan logam</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Perlindungan elektrokimia (perlindungan katodik)</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Caranya dengan menghubungkan logam besi dengan logam pelindung yang
mempunyai E<sup>o</sup> lebih kecil</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l6 level1 lfo6; text-indent: -18.0pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";"> </span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;">Logam pelindung yang bisa digunakan yaitu magnesium</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">D</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">ampak yang ditimbulkan akibat korosi
pada logam</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong>1. Kerusakan perangkat </strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Korosi membuat perangkan logam menjadi rapuh, dimana lapisan
karat akan mengelupas, dan membuat perangkat menjadi lebih mudah patah atau
berlubang. Misalnya terlihat pada atam yang terbuat dari seng, yang akan
berlubang sehingga membuat air hujan masuk </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong>2. Cedera dan kecelakaan </strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Kerusakan akibat logam berkarat pada gilirannya akan
menyebabkan cedera dan kecelakaan saat digunakan. Misalnya pada saat kita
menggunakan tangga yang berkarat, tangga ini dapat rubuh dan kita bisa jatuh. </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong>3. Kontaminasi air </strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Karat yang terbentuk akan larut dalam air. Pada penggunaan
dimana kontak dengan air sangat banyak, misalnya pada pipa air, karat ini dapat
masuk ke sistem peredaran air dan menjadikannya teremar, dan menjadikan air
tidak sehat untuk digunakan. </p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><strong>4. Kerugian finansial </strong></p>
<p style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 2.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Karena perangkat kita rusak akibat karat, kita harus
menggantikannya, ini membuat kita harus mengeluarkan biaya untuk penggantian
alat logam yang rusak ini. </p>
<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 18.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 1.0cm; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;">VI Kesimpulan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Korosi pada logam besi disebabkan karena adanya oksigen dan air.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Kecepatan dan jumlah korosi didukukung oleh berbagai faktor.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-indent: 21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Korosi dapat dicegah dengan melapisi dengan bahan anti korosi.</span></p>
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-fareast;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span lang="EN-US" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-62082823874082362692020-10-21T00:29:00.004-07:002020-10-21T00:29:28.739-07:00Situasi Terkini Perkembangan Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) 30 Agustus 2020<p> <!--[if !mso]>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 1; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 24.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-font-kerning: 18.0pt;">Situasi
Terkini Perkembangan Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) 30 Agustus 2020</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><span style="color: white; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 8.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ore25</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikut
perkembangan kasus <i>Coronavirus Disease</i> (COVID-19), menggunakan
sumber data WHO dan PHEOC Kemenkes tanggal 29 Agustus 2020 : </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Situasi
Global</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<ul type="disc"><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Total
kasus konfirmasi COVID-19 global per tanggal 29 Agustus 2020 adalah
24,587,513 kasus dengan 833,556 kematian (CFR 3,4%) di 215 Negara
Terjangkit dan 176 Negara Transmisi lokal.</span></li><li class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Daftar
negara terjangkit COVID-19 dapat bertambah setiap harinya mengikuti
perkembangan data dan informasi yang didapatkan di</span><a href="https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports"><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Situation
Report WHO.</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></li></ul>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Situasi
Indonesia</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTlT8ESGjsNaR1DIklPq9LC6lwC-n-YwHYkMuHtazn_XVi8kaitsJsPjr9upPzgLVnxdch815tjiYp1fwRwhrGAStTEXXd-OZA3KMwsTOUx-N5s7brMbbNDJ9zHuxMKu6FJmYmq16ej0s/s1280/PETA-ALL-4.jpeg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="720" data-original-width="1280" height="303" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhTlT8ESGjsNaR1DIklPq9LC6lwC-n-YwHYkMuHtazn_XVi8kaitsJsPjr9upPzgLVnxdch815tjiYp1fwRwhrGAStTEXXd-OZA3KMwsTOUx-N5s7brMbbNDJ9zHuxMKu6FJmYmq16ej0s/w538-h303/PETA-ALL-4.jpeg" width="538" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;"><br /></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span><p></p>
<b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Tabel Per
Provinsi</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdFuOsuzRB8JrRjh52a_YGBpiOlvkgF8g25mcDe-UVhCyYiviNWIrXyR9FMC-ErEAR5aswuVLiXZUgePV7hDZpzRoi1QjIpLajq8F3f-Kd1OjDnT21qe236Dh9kBMCjB5ZMU4GRe8Zd4s/s1130/Sitrep-8.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="940" data-original-width="1130" height="476" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdFuOsuzRB8JrRjh52a_YGBpiOlvkgF8g25mcDe-UVhCyYiviNWIrXyR9FMC-ErEAR5aswuVLiXZUgePV7hDZpzRoi1QjIpLajq8F3f-Kd1OjDnT21qe236Dh9kBMCjB5ZMU4GRe8Zd4s/w573-h476/Sitrep-8.png" width="573" /></a></b></div><b><br /> </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span><p></p>
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Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-39896764968852431172020-10-21T00:27:00.002-07:002020-10-21T00:27:20.590-07:00Manfaat Buah Tin dan Buah Zaitun<p> <!--[if !mso]>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaat Buah Tin dan Buah Zaitun</span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgixoHjXvfY4XWDkDoczMc9GgmoAG7G7dVlQ2j_X_DUDajdZin7jZozGptoCtmhX21vnDoOPV14t64oYCzoss3pq4BB9ynUBDY0lSYCYOMYqk-rgzBeuq_6dLdwfLolUtxJH3rNZfWi9tc/s640/manfaat+buah+tin+zaitun+thumb.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="256" data-original-width="640" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgixoHjXvfY4XWDkDoczMc9GgmoAG7G7dVlQ2j_X_DUDajdZin7jZozGptoCtmhX21vnDoOPV14t64oYCzoss3pq4BB9ynUBDY0lSYCYOMYqk-rgzBeuq_6dLdwfLolUtxJH3rNZfWi9tc/s320/manfaat+buah+tin+zaitun+thumb.png" width="320" /></a></b></div><b><br /><br /></b><p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaat Buah
Tin</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Kesuburan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaat buah
tin untuk kesuburan juga tak diragukan lagi. Pasalnya, buah tin mampu
meningkatkan sperma serta menjaga dari kerusakan karena mengandung anti oksidan
yang sangat tinggi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Diabetes</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ekstrak dari
daun pohon tin bernama ficusin ternyata dapat meningkatkan insulin dan sifat
antidiabetes lainnya. Alhasil, perawatan diabetes dengan buah tin dapat
membantu.<br />
<b>3. Berat Badan</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengonsumsi
buah tin disebut dapat membantu menurunkan berat badan. Pasalnya, buah tin
mengandung banyak nutrisi yang dibutuhkan sehingga tubuh akan kenyang lebih
lama.<br />
<b>4. Eksim</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buah tin
memiliki vitamin, antioksidan, dan mineral yang sangat baik untuk kulit.
Mengonsumsi buah ini bisa mengobati berbagai masalah kulit, seperti eksim,
vitiligo, dan psoriasis.<br />
<b>5. Anemia</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Selain
dikenal kaya antioksidan, buah tin juga mengandung zat besi yang sangat tinggi.
Buah ini mampu meningkatkan jumlah hemoglobin yang berfungsi mengangkut oksigen
ke seluruh tubuh.<br />
<b>6. Pencernaan</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.detik.com/tag/buah-tin"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Buah tin</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> juga memiliki kandungan serat yang tinggi sehingga
bagus untuk pencernaan. Kandungan serat yang tinggi membuat tubuh menyerap
banyak air sehingga tinja menjadi lebih lembut.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7. Tulang</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kandungan
kalsium dalam buah tin dapat menguatkan tulang, khususnya mencegah keropos.
Maka dari itu disarankan untuk mengonsumsi buah tin secara berkala.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manfaat buah zaitun</span></b><br /><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Mengandung segudang antioksidan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buah zaitun
mengandung segudang antioksidan yang bisa melawan peradangan dan mengurangi
pertumbuhan mikroorganisme dalam tubuh.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Meningkatkan kesehatan jantung</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sama seperti
minyaknya, ternyata buah zaitun mampu meningkatkan kesehatan jantung. Zaitun
mengandung asam oleat, yang dapat membantu mengatur kadar kolesterol dan
menjaga kolesterol jahat (LDL) agar tidak teroksidasi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Meningkatkan kesehatan tulang</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tidak hanya
kalsium yang dibutuhkan untuk menyehatkan tulang. Ternyata buah zaitun juga
bisa meningkatkan kesehatan tulang!</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Mencegah kanker</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kandungan antioksidan
dan asam oleat milik buah zaitun ternyata berpotensi </span><a href="https://www.sehatq.com/artikel/cara-mencegah-kanker-tanpa-biaya-yang-besar" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">mencegah kanker</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. Mencegah kerusakan hati</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahukah Anda
bahwa buah zaitun mengandung asam oleanolat? Ya, antioksidan ini sangat
dipercaya untuk mencegah kerusakan hati. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6. Menjadi makanan Afrodisiak</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><a href="https://www.sehatq.com/artikel/konsumsi-makanan-peningkat-libido-ini-karena-gairah-seks-rendah" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Makanan afrodisiak</span></a><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dikenal sebagai pembangkit gairah
seksual alami. Buah zaitun pun termasuk dalam golongannya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7. Mencegah kepikunan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.5pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Buah zaitun
dan minyak zaitun dikenal mengandung senyawa kimia alami bernama polifenol.
Polifenol bisa mengurangi stres oksidatif di dalam otak, sehingga meningkatkan
kemampuan mengingat hingga 25%.</span></p>
Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-68409255274003802852020-10-21T00:26:00.000-07:002020-10-21T00:26:00.350-07:00WISATA HUTAN MANGROVE PANDANSARI BREBES<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">WISATA HUTAN MANGROVE PANDANSARI BREBES</span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdzmOCpsAxreWP9dxvgfAN1o5azRkrBOazymOYpY86FqsQKKmgDN1SScp400gzEI1MIYKS1YySkOpMKR9mdV7XMdQt2c5WjoRPeUaUAl2SA672x_gBhhD0x9l7jpwum4pxI5GW-JMARvo/s620/bakau+brebes_016.JPG" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="413" data-original-width="620" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjdzmOCpsAxreWP9dxvgfAN1o5azRkrBOazymOYpY86FqsQKKmgDN1SScp400gzEI1MIYKS1YySkOpMKR9mdV7XMdQt2c5WjoRPeUaUAl2SA672x_gBhhD0x9l7jpwum4pxI5GW-JMARvo/s320/bakau+brebes_016.JPG" width="320" /></a></div> <p></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lokasi ini
sebenarnya menjadi lokasi ekowisata ‘secara tidak sengaja’. Berawal dari
terjangan abrasi pada tahun 1990. Warga Desa Pandansari kemudian berusaha
melakukan operasi penyelamatan pantai dengan menanam pohon mangrove untuk
mencegah hal yang sama terulang kembali. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memiliki
akses jalan yang cukup mudah, untuk wisatawan yang sudah tertarik untuk
berkunjung tinggal datang ke</span><a href="https://goo.gl/maps/BX5AMw12nC12" target="_blank"><span style="color: windowtext; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;"> Dukuh Pandansari, Kaliwlingi,
Kecamatan Brebes, Kabupaten Brebes, Jawa Tengah 52219</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Harga Tiket Hutan Mangrove Brebes Pandansari</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wisatawan
yang ingin menjelajah kawasan hutan mengrove ini akan dikenakan biaya tiket.
Pengunjung perlu membayar uang tiket sebesar Rp20.000 dan Rp25.000 untuk hari
libur. Harga tersebut sudah naik sejak tahun 2016 yang mulanya Rp15.000.</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Harga Tiket Masuk Hutan Mangrove Pandansari</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
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<td style="padding: .75pt .75pt .75pt .75pt;">
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hari Biasa</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rp20.000</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Akhir
Pekan</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Rp25.000</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Jam Operasional Hutan Mangrove Pandansari Brebes</span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setiap
Hari</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">08.00 –
18.00 WIB</span></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aktivitas Wisata di Hutan Mangrove Pandansari</span></b></p>
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<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wahana ini
merupakan wahana favorit dan menjadi andalan di Hutan Mangrove Brebes
Pandansari. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Taman Kupu-Kupu</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebagai
wisata edukasi yang sedang berkembang. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. Taman Burung</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di kawasan
ini pun sedang dikembangkan taman burung untuk para pengunjung. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. Konservasi Kepiting Soka</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hutan
mangrove merupakan habitat dari berbagai jenis binatang dan salah satunya
adalah kepiting. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 3; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. Spot Foto</span></b></p>
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yang membelah hutan bakau menjadi salah satu ikon spot ikonik kawasan wisata
mangrove ini. foto: google maps/katamso katamso</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Fasilitas Hutan Bakau Brebes</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sama seperti
kawasan wisata lainnya pengunjung mendapatkan akses fasiltas. Mulai dari lahan
parkir, mushola, kamar kecil hingga warung untuk jajan dan makan juga tersedia
di area hutan mangrove. Tetapi, seperti yang sudah disebutkan sebelumnya tidak
disediakan fasilitas penginapan. Pengunjung juga dimanjakan dengan adanya
fasilitas menara dan jembatan panjang. Fasilitas ini sudah dibangun sejak tahun
2016 lalu.</span><span style="font-size: 12.0pt;"></span></p>
Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-49328183240923997842020-10-21T00:24:00.003-07:002020-10-21T00:24:40.247-07:00ANALISA PELUANG USAHA PERANGKAT KERAS<p> <!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "cluffhmkbold","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ANALISA PELUANG
USAHA PERANGKAT KERAS</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<a name="more"></a></span></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU0-TcvtQZSatzvq2P9Can0_mFP6rTBqzOiD3IDNc0FG-ad_oUe0AdIhtTUU53cWLkSjs7ClSKmLk6hGdMIKa8lnhJiwnIU0lblTUZkGJPcLdBkAvESWtU2ewLFb1HFAr6CsiuLGUk810/s638/21-menganalisis-peluang-usaha-3-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="418" data-original-width="638" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhU0-TcvtQZSatzvq2P9Can0_mFP6rTBqzOiD3IDNc0FG-ad_oUe0AdIhtTUU53cWLkSjs7ClSKmLk6hGdMIKa8lnhJiwnIU0lblTUZkGJPcLdBkAvESWtU2ewLFb1HFAr6CsiuLGUk810/s320/21-menganalisis-peluang-usaha-3-638.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
<a name="more"></a></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">A. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PELUANG
USAHA BISNIS PERANGKAT KERAS BERBASIS KOMPUTER</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peluang dan perencanaan adalah dua hal yang saling berkaitan. Ketika suatu
peluang muncul, maka hal selanjutnya yang harus dilakukan adalah melakukan perencanaan.
Mengapa demikian? Sebab perencanaan adalah hal yang paling mendasar dalam
membangun sebuah bisnis. Namun membuat suatu perencanaan bukanlah hal yang
mudah. Sebagai bukti, kita bisa melihat banyak sekali perusahaan yang mengalami
kegagalan karena kesalahan dalam membuka peluang dan juga kesalahan dalam
pembuatan perencanaan yang tidak mengarah pada tujuan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.
Ciri-Ciri Peluang Usaha yang Baik </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setiap hal dapat dimaknai sebagai peluang usaha. Namun, tidak semua peluang
usaha baik bagi kita. Lalu, bagaimanakah cara membedakan antara peluang usaha
yang baik dengan yang tidak baik? Berikut penjelasannya:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peluang itu Orisinil dan Tidak Meniru</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. Peluang itu </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">h</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">arus </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">apat </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">m</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">engantisipasi </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">p</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">erubahan, </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">p</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ersaingan, dan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ebutuhan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">p</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">asar di </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. </span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Benar-</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">enar Sesuai dengan Keinginan
Agar Peluang Bisa Bertahan Lama</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. Tingkat Visibilitas (Kelayakan Usaha) Benar-Benar Teruji
untuk Dilakukan Riset dan Trial.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. Ada Keyakinan untuk Mewujudkannya</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada Rasa Senang dalam Menjalankan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko Usaha</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko usaha merupakan informasi, kejadian, kerugian atau pekerjaan yang
terjadi sebagai akibat dari keputusan yang diambil dalam kehidupan sehari-hari.
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Secara umum, risiko usaha memiliki dua karakteristik, yakni:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko adalah suatu ketidakpastian atas terjadinya suatu peristiwa.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko adalah ketidakpastian yang apabila terjadi akan menimbulkan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko dibagi menjadi 6 jenis, yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko teknis ( kerugian )</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko ini terjadi akibat kurang mempunyai manajer atau wirausaha
dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mengambil keputusan risiko yang
dapat sering terjadi berhubungan dengan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biaya produksi yang tinggi (inefisien)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko karena adanya pemogokan karyawannya, akibat kesejahteraan kurang
diperhatikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pemakaian sumber daya yang tidak seimbang (tenaga kerja banyak).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terjadi kebakaran akibat keteledoran dan kurang kecermatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terjadi pencurian atau penipuan karena pengawasan yang kurang baik.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terus menerus meng</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lami
kerugian karena biaya yang terus membengkak serta harga jual tidak berubah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">7) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penempatan tenaga kerja yang kurang tepat sehingga produktivitas kerja
menurun.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">8) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Perencanaan dan desain yang salah, sehingga sulit dioperasionalkan, serta
hal-hal yang berhubungan dengan ketatalaksanaan perus</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">haan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">9) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko karena tidak dipercaya oleh perbankan akibat terjadi kredit m</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">t di d</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lam perusahaan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko macam demikian dapat diatasi dengan melakukan hal-hal berikut :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Manajer atau wirausaha menambah pengetahuan tentang :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keterampilan teknis (technological skill), terutama yang berkaitan dengan
proses produksi yang dihasilkan. Diupayakan memakai metode yang dapat
menurunkan biaya produksi (efisien).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemampuan mengorganisasi (organizational skill), yaitu kemampuan meramu
yang tepat dari faktor produksi dalam usaha, mencakup sumber daya modal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemampuan memimpin (managerial skill), yaitu kemampuan untuk mencapai
tujuan usaha dan dapat dikerjakan dengan baik dan serasi oleh semua orang yang
ada pada organisasi. Untuk ini, setiap pemimpin dituntut membuat konsep kerja
yang baik (conceptual skill).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Membuat strategi yang terarah untuk masa depan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Strategi yang dimaksud meliputi strategi produksi, strategi keuangan,
strategi sumber daya manusia, strategi operasional, strategi pemasaran dan
strategi penelitian dan pengembangan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko Pasar</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko ini terjadi akibat produk yang dihasilkan kurang laku atau tidak
laku dipasar. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Hal yang merupakan risiko bagi para pebisnis yang mengakibatkan barang
tidak laku<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dijual antara lain :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) Adanya perkembangan teknologi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) Adanya tindakan atau peraturan baru yang
berwajib.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) Adanya inter sehingga terjadi pencurian,
kecelakaan dan kebakaran.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikut adalah upaya yang dapat ditempuh untuk mengantisipasi risiko ini
adalah sebagai berikut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) Mengadakan inovasi (product innovation), yaitu
memb</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">u</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">uat desain baru dari produk yang disenangi calon pembeli.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) Mengadakan penelitian pasar (market
research) dan memperoleh informasi pasar secara berkesinambungan. Biasanya cara
ini memerlukan dan yang besar dan hanya layak untuk perusahaan besar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko Kredit</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko kredit adalah risiko yang ditanggung oleh kreditur akibat debitur
tidak membayar pinjaman sesuai waktu yang telah disetujui. Upaya mengantisipasi
risiko kredit dapat ditempuh melalui :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) Jangan memberikan kredit kepada sembarangan
orang, tetapi berikan kredit kepada orang yang tepat (bonafit) atau memenuhi
syarat sebagai berikut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dapat dipercaya, yaitu watak dan reputasinya telah diketahui.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kemampuan untuk membayar, hal ini dapat dilihat dari kemampuan /hasil yang
diperoleh dari usahanya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Kemampuan modal sendiri yang ditempatkan dalam usaha (capital) sehingga
merupakan net personal asset.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Keadaan usahanya selama ini, apakah menunjukan tren naik mendasar atau
menurun.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) Jangan memberikan pinjaman terlalu besar dan
mengevaluasi kredibilitas debitor </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Memperhatikan pengelolaan dana debitor jika yang bersangkutan memiliki
perusahaan. Yang perlu diperhatikan adalah lembaran neraca, laporan laba rugi
tahunan dan aliran dana setiap tahun.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko di Luar Kemampuan Manusia(Force Majoe)</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko ini terjadi, tsunami, kebanjiran. Karena kemungkinan terjadinya
sangat kecil, risiko ini di luar kuasa manusia seperti : bencana alam, gempa
bumi, tanah longsor dianggap tidak ada. Untuk mengalihkan risiko ini dapat
memanfaatkan jasa asuransi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e. Risiko
Riil</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Risiko riil adalah risiko yang terlibat, bi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sa</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dihitung, bi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sa</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">
diantisipasi dan bi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sa</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> dihindari.
Berikut adalah hal-hal yang termasuk kedalam risiko riil:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kehilangan modal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Kehilangan
kesempatan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Kehilangan mata pencaharian.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kehilangan kendali atas kekuasaan yang selama ini dimilikinya (dicision
making) karena ada pengalihan gaya bisnis keluarga menjadi gaya bisnis
professional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resiko Psikologis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Resiko psikologis adalah resiko yang tidak terlihat, tidak terhitung, bisa
diantisipasi tapi belum tentu bisa dihindarkan. Berikut adalah hal hal yang
termasuk ke dalam resiko psikologis :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) Kehilangan reputasi (hilang muka, nama besar, citra)
dan resiko menanggung malu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) Kehilangan kepercayaan pada diri sendiri dan orang
lain sehingga akan menumbuhkan sikap paranoid</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) Kehilangan perasaan (potent) atau mampu
menyebabkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>hilangnya rasa pede</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Kehilangan jati diri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kehilangan motivasi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">B. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ANALISA PELUANG USAHA DIBIDANG PERANGKAT KERAS
KOMPUTER </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Peluang Usaha
Bisnis Drone untuk Kegiatan Pertanian </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam bagian ini, kita akan membahas peluang usaha pembuatan drone untuk
keperluan pertanian. Data pada bagian ini diambi dari IPSOS Business
Consulting.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan drone untuk keperluan pertanian diawali di Jepang pada tahun
1980-an. Tujuan dari pembuatan drone adalah untuk membantu para petani yang
memang rata-rata sudah berusia lanjut .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam kaitannya dengan industri pertanian, Jepang dan Amerika Serikat
adalah pionir penggunaan peralatan pertanian di udara, seperti alat pencintraan
satelit dan alat penyebar pestisida lewat udara. Namun, penerapan teknologi
drone untuk bidang pertanian di Asia Tenggara khususnya Indonesia masih sangat
terbatas.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penerapan drone dibidang pertanian sangat menguntungkan baik itu dibidang
efisiensi dan nilai studi yang dilakukan Agdrones menyatakan bahwa penggunaan
drone untuk pertanian dapat menghemat 90 persen air irigasi, mengurangi 30-50
bahan kimia pestisida, dan 40-60 kali lebih efisien daripada pekerja manual.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dampak dari
Peluang Usaha </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">D</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">rone untuk
Membantu Kegiatan Pertanian.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Terdapat beberapa pandangan dan spekulasi mengenai dampak dari usaha drone
yang digunakan untuk keperluan pertanian dalam 10 tahun kedepan. Untuk skala
global, pasar drone akan mencapai perputaran uang 2 sampai 6,5 miliyar dolar
pertahun 2020, dan hal tersebut akan meningkat sampai tahun 2025.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analisa yang dilakukan oleh Asosiasion For Umanited vehicle. Sistem
Internasional me</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">n</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yatakan
bahwa bidang pertanian akan menampung 80 persen dari kebutuhan penggunaan drone
pada tahun 2025.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menurut data yang dikemukakan oleh FAO, jumlah penduduk bumi ditahun 2025
akan mencapai 9,2 miliyar. Meskipun sistem rantai dingin logistik dapat
membantu mengurangi sampah dan meningkatkan konsumsi makanan berkalori,
permintaan negara-negara berkembang masih berkisar pada pemenuhan nutrisi.
Untuk itulah, usaha drone akan berkembang pesat dinegara-negara berkembang yang
notabene masih menggunakan sistem ekonomi agrikultural.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Investasi Dalam Bisnis Drone untuk Kegiatan
Pertanian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Inverstasi pada drone untuk kegiatan pertanian telah meningkat pada 3 tahun
terakhir. Untuk rentang waktu 2013-2015, investasi bisnis drone mencapai
rat-rata 229,7 juta dolar.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Investasi pemodal vextora untuk drone pertanian mencapai 270 juta dolar
pada tahun 2015. Pada akhir tahun 2016, investasi pada drone dibidang pertanian
hampir 1 miliyar dolar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aplikasi Drone pada Pertanian Tradisional,
Modern dan Presisi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penerapan drone untuk bidang pertanian memang dapat membuat kegiatan
pertanian menjadi lebih efektif. Namun, penggunaan drone untuk pertanian akan
menggusur teknik pertanian tradisional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sejak zaman dahulu, kegiatan pertanian hanya terbatas pada penerapan
manajemen pertanian lewat jalur udara atau darat. Namun, penggunaan drone dapat
menjembatani kekurangan tersebut. Drone dapat beroperasi di mana saja, baik
udara atau darat. Dengan adanya drone pertanian, kegiatan pemantauan pertanian
(udara) dan perlindungan lahan pertanian (darat) dapat dilakukan dengan presisi
yang lebih tinggi dan dengan biaya yang lebih rendah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dengan ini, drone pertanian lebih dilengkapi dengan kemampuan multitasking,
baik dari control penerbangan dan pencitraan fotografis hingga data analisis
ruang ekstra, penerbangan otomatis menggunakan GPS, dan penyebaran pestisida
otomatis. Dengan kemampuan tersebut, drone pertanian telah menjelma menjadi
teknologi pengambil keputusan yang proaktif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Meskipun drone pertanian telah menjelma sebagai alat pertanian presis
berteknologi tinggi, tidak semua petani mampu mengubah drone menjadi alat yang
dapat digunakan untuk memaksimalkan hasil pertanian dan meminimalkan resiko
pertanian. Kebanyakan petani masih memanfaatkan drone untuk kebutuhan kebutuhan
dasar seperti pencitraan dasar, penyebaran pestisda, pemupukan dan pembibitan,
dan irigasi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penerapan
Drone Pertanian Jika Dilihat dari Jenis Lahannya</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penerapan drone pertanian sangatlah beragam. Penerapan drone pertanian
harus ditinjau dari tipe lahan, ukuran lahan, kemiringan lahan dan jenis hama.
Kemampuan mengudara dan mendarat di mana saja menjadi kemampuan drone pertanian
yang tak dimiliki oleh alat manapun.</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Drone pertanian dapat membantu pertanian tanaman dengan perlakuan khusus,
seperti anggur, avokat, dan lain-lain. Selain itu, drone pertanian juga
berfungsi juga dalam pertanian makanan pokok seperti tanaman padi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dampak
Bisnis Pertanian Jika menggunakan Drone</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Drone pertanian dapat mengganti fungsi-fungsi yang sebelumnya ada pada
satelit, pesawat berawak, mesin-mesin pertanian darat, dan petani manual. Hal
tersebut telah membuat pertanian tradisional menjadi tergusur karena drone
membuat pertanian menjadi lebih efektif dengan cara optimalisasi pemanfaatan
lahan dan pengurangan factor beban pertanian seperti pekerja, air, dan
pestisida. Berikut adalah fakta-fakta keuntungan bisnis jika menerapkan drone
pertanian : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dibandingkan
dengan satelit atau pesawat berawak, pencitraan dengan drone relatif lebih
murah dan dapat menghasilkan gambar dengan revolusi lebih baik (jika dilakukan
pada lahan kurang dari 2 hektar).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Drone juga
bisa menangkap gambar lebih cepat dan lebih banyak daripada pencitraan udara
konvensional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengairan
dengan drone terbukti dapat menghemat hingga 90% penggunaan air jika
dibandingkan dengan irigasi. Selain itu, penggunaan drone untuk pestisida dapat
menghemat 30%-50% penggunaan pestisida. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penggunaan
drone pertanian dapat meningkatkan efektivitas pertanian 40 sampai 60 kali
lebih baik daripada pertanian konvensional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peluang
Pemasaran Drone pada Bidang Pertanian</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Teknologi drone pertanian memberikan peluang pasar baru di dalam pembuatan
drone pertanian. Berikut adalah fakta-fakta mengenai peluang pasar pada drone
pertanian :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Drone pertanian telah diaplikasikan pada kebun anggur di California,
Amerika Serikat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penyedia jasa drone pertanian seperti Vine Ranger dan Wine Flight telah
membuat drone yang bertujuan untuk manajemen irigasi dan pemanfaatan lahan.
Mereka bekerja sama dengan operasi pertanian SME untuk meningkatkan
perlindungan lahan pertanian dan strategi rotasi lahan pertanian untuk
meningkatkan kapasitas panen.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peluang
Usaha Pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Wajan Bolik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Produk ke-2 yang akan kita bahas adalah wajan bolik. Berikut penjelasannya:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pengertian
dan Fungsi Wajan Bolik</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wajan bolic adalah sebuah antena yang terbuat dari bahan dasar wajan
alumunium yang berfungsi sebagai menangkap signal WI-FI. Wajan Bolic adalah versi
keduanya dari antena Grid, bedanya wajan bolic dengan antena grid hanya
terletak pada bahan dan efesiensi harganya. Antena grid/satelit seperti yang
kita tahu, harganya sangat mahal, mungkin bisa 2 atau 3 juta-an, sementara
wajan bolic hanya membutuhkan biaya kurang dari Rp200.000,00. Dengan fungsinya
yang hampir sama dengan antena grid, wajan bolic lebih efisien. Wajan bolic
merupakan antena receiver gelombang radio dengan frekuensi 2,4 Ghz. Wajan bolic
memiliki fungsi sebagai berikut:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menembak sinyal WI-FI yang
letaknya jauh (bisa menembak sampai 2Km-9Km)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memperkuat sinyak wi-fi. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menambah sinyal modem (jika
digunakan untuk modem, bisa menembak HSDPA dan HSUPA).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Alat
dan Bahan dalam Membuat Wajan Bolic</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikut adalah alat dan bahan untuk membuat wajan bolic:</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) Bahan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a) Wajan Alumunium berdiameter 30cm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b) PVC paralon tipis ukuran 30” 30cm</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c) Tutup Doff 3” 2 buah </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Lakban Alumunium foil </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> Baut + mur ukuran 12 dan 14</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">f) Modem USB WLAN </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">g) Kabel USB Extention 1 meter</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">h) Pipa besi/Bambu dengan panjang ukuran 8-10 meter</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) Peralatan </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a) Penggaris </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pisau/Cutter</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gergaji besi</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bor (untuk melubangi wajan dan doff)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">e) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kikir (untuk memperbesar lubang wajan setelah di-bor untuk mendapatkan ukuran
yang sesuai dengan baut ukuran 12 dan 14)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Cara
Kerja Wajan Bolic</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prinsip kerja antena wajan bolic seperti antena parabola lainnya, yaitu
menepatkan bagian sensitif antena pada titik fokus parabola (wajan) sehingga
semua gelombang elektronik yang mengenai</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> w</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ajan akan terkumpul dan diterima oleh bagian sensitif tersebut. Jangkaun
kerja antena ini dapat mencapai hingga 1-2 km bahkan sampai 5 km tergantung
besar diameter wajan dan kualitas wajan itu sendiri. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Antena wajan boli</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">k</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> terdiri
atas 3 komponen utama, yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) Reflektor yang terbuat dari wajan</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) Bagian sensitif antenna berbentuk tabung berisi USB
WLAN</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) Kabel penghubung antena ke computer</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peluang Usaha Produk Wajan Bolie</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wajan bolie memiliki peluang usaha yang sangat bagus Karena dunia sekarang
ini sedang dilanda demam internet. Sekarang ini, internet telah menjadi
kebutuhan wajib bagi setiap manusia. Dengan adanya produk wajan bolie, pengguna
internet tidak perlu khawatir tentang kelancaran sinyal internet. Sinyal
internet akan tetap kencang walau dalam kondisi hujan sekalipun, karena wajan
bolie juga memiliki fitur frame, sehingga terlindung dari cuaca apapun.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pembuatan Usaha Produk Casing Komputer</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Casing merupakan bagian komputer yang berisi komponen-komponen mainboard,
processor, video card, power supply, harddisk, optical drive, dan kipas angin.
Casing juga berfungsi sebagai pakaian atau pelindung CPU atau komputer lainnya.
Bentuk yang umum adalah kotak persegi. Casing komputer sendiri atas beberapa
jenis menurut ukuran motherboard-nya. Semakin besar ukuran motherboard, maka
semakin besar ukuran casing-nya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses
Pembuatan Casing Computer</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dalam proses pembuatan kali ini,kita akan membuat terobosan baru dalam
pembuatan casing computer,yaitu casing komputer dari kayu,berikut penjelasan :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertama-tama,ketam/serut permukaan kayu. Ketam adalah alat untuk meratakan
dan menghaluskan permukaan kayu. Jika kayu yang dipakai tak selebar yang kita
inginkan, kayu tersebut bisa disambung dengan lem kayu. Jangan lupa potong paku
dan kepala pakunya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Proses kayu yang telah disambung tadi. Pres bisa memakai karet ban.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah lem mengering,buat mal dari kertass dan taruh di papan tersebut
untuk kemudian kayu tersebut diukir sesuai dengan keinginan kita.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4) Setelah itu, siapkan veneer. Veneer adalah kayu yang
dibelah dengan ketebalan 1 mm. Pertama siapkan gambar motif.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5) Rekatkan veneer pada kayu yang sudah diukir.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">6) Amplas lalu pernis untuk proses finishing.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b</span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peluang
Usaha Dalam Pembuatan Casing dari Kayu</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Casing computer adalah penampakan luar dari CPU. Jadi, casing Komputer bisa
dimaknai sebagai tempat kreasi,agar kita tidak bisa melihat casing computer
yang kita miliki. Dengan adanya casing computer dengan model yang unik,kita
akan tertarik dalam menggunakan computer. Selain itu, computer tersebut
berbahan kayu, sehingga akan lebih menambah nuansa alami pada komputer kita.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">C. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">ANALISIS SWOT DALAM USAHA PERANGKAT KERAS
KOMPUTER</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">SWOT adalah singkatan dari strengths</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(kekuatan), weaknesses</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(kelemahan), opportunities(peluang), dan threats (ancaman), di mana SWOT
ini sebagai suatu model dalam menganalisis suatu organisasi yang berorientasi
profit dan non-profit dengan tujuan utama mengetahui keadaan organisasi
tersebut secara lebih komprehensif. Maksud dari analisis SWOT yaitu :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Strength</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atribut dari orang atau perusahaan yang sangat membantu untuk mencapai
tujuan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Weaknesses</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atribut dari orang atau perusahaan yang sangat berbahaya untuk mencapai
tujuan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Opportunities</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kondisi eksternal yang membantu untuk mencapai tujuan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Threats</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kondisi eksternal yang dapat merusak tujuan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.
Peranan SWOT Sebagai Analisis Manajemen Risiko dan Hubungannya dengan
Pengambilan Keputusan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Peranan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SWOT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menganalisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kondisi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>suatu perusahaan selama ini dianggap sebagai
suatu model yang dapat diterima<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>secara<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>umum<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>lebih<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>familiar.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Sebenarnya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>jika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>kita<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ingin<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mempergunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>model<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>lain<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>itu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>juga memungkinkan seperti BCG (Boston<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Consulting<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Group),<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>manajemen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>performance (kinerja manajemen) balanc scorecard dan berbagai alat
lanalisis lainnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Beberapa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ornaisasi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>profit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>non-profit<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>telah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>mepergunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SWOT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>ini<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>salah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>satu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>analisis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mereka ,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>seperti<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>IPB<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>membuat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>rencana<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>stategis<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>tahun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>2008<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sampai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>2013.<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sehingga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan
mempergunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SWOT sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dasar analisis perusahaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>mengambil<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>keputusan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>maka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>diharpkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>SWOT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>juga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>memungkinkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk <span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dipergunakan sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>salah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>satu<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>model<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>representatif dalam<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menganalisis
manajemen risiko suatu perusahaan.Termasuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>tentuny akan mampu memberi masukan dalam mendukung pengambilan keputusan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. Contoh
Analisa SWOT pada Produk Perangkat keras</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Adapun<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>analisi
SWOT<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>terhadap<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>perangkat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>keras<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kompter<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>sebagai berikut: </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Analisis
SWOT pada Usaha Drone Permainan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikut<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>adalah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>analisi SWOT pada usaha
drone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>kegiatan pertanian:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1). <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor
internal </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a) Strengths (kekuatan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(1) Pembuatan drone pertanian ini menjadi ebih sederhana karena
saat ini telah tersedia banyak tutorial mengenai tata cara membuat drone.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(2) Karena drone memiliki bamyak warna, sehingga konsumen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dapat memiliki warna yang sesuai dengan
selere mereka masing-masing</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(3) Banyak sperepart pada drone yang dapat di buat secara
mandiri</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b) Weakness (kelemahan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(1)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">faktor
tenaga ahli sangat mempengaruhi kelancaran usaha ini karena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pembuatan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>drone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertanian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>harus<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menhetahui<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>ilmu ilmu mengenai
kelistrikan, komputasi, dan lain-lain.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(2)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">permintaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>konsumen<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>biasanya<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>akan menurun, jika
keadaan cuaca sedang buruk. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2) </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor
eksternal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a) Opportunities (peluang/kesempatan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(1) Melihat banyaknya masyarakat yang membutuhan
alat-alat<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>digunakan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>meningkatkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>efisiensi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertanian, sehngga<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>drone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>pertanian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>bisa<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>menjadi<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>alternati<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>sebagai<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>alat</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pertanian konvensional yang relatif lebih mahal.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(2) Sebagian besar penjual drone dikuasai oleh perusahaan
perusahaan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>besar<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>menawarkan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>drone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dengan<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>harga </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(3) Karena<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>drone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>pertanian<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>relatif<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>murah<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>untuk<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dioperasikan,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>maka<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>drone<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>di<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>operasika<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>oleh<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>semu a<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>usia<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>petani,<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>dri<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>yang<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>muda sampai yang tua, maka
pasar sasarannya mencakup semua kalangan masyarakat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b) Threat ( ancaman )</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melihat fakta bahwa penggunaan drown pertanian belum menjadi tren , maka
produksi menjadi relatif sedikit . Apabila pelayanan dan kualitas yang kita
berikan kepada konsumen kurang memuaskan, maka konsumen pun akan merasa kecewa
, sehingga usah ini akan terancam bangkrut .Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut ,
maka pemberian pelayanan dan kualitas produk yang terbaik kepada semua
konsumen menjadi hal yang utama . Kualitas produk yang baik dan pelayanan yang
terbaik menjadi prioritas utama dalam menjalankan usaha drone pertanian.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. </span></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Analisis
swot pada usaha wajan bolic.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikut adalah analisis swot pada usaha wajan bolich : </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. Faktor internal </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. Strenghts ( kekuatan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(1). Komponen wajan bolic relatif sangat sederhana .</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(2). Dapat dipasang dengan cepat dan mudah.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. </span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Weakness (
kelemahan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(1). Level daya yang tidak bisa dikendalikan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(2). Masih belum popular karena menjamur nya wifi portable.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(3). Rentan terhadap hembusan angin.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor ekternal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Opportunities ( peluang /
kesempatan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(1).</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melihat
banyaknya masyarakat yang membutuhkan alat-alat yang digunakan untuk
meningkatkan kestabilan internet, maka wajan bolic bisa digunakan sebagai
alternatif di samping penggunaan Wifi portable.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(2).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Usaha wajan bolic belum menjamur
, namun sudah mulai dikenal oleh masyarakat luas .Jadi , potensi mendapatkan
keuntungan maksimal masih bisa diperoleh karena belum banyak pihak yang menjual
wajan bolic.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(3).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Karena drone pertanian relatif
mudah untuk dioperasikan, maka drone dioperasikan oleh semua usaha petani
dari yang muda sampai yang tua, maka pasar sasarannya mencakup semua
kalangan masyarakat.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b). <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Threats ( Ancaman)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Melihat fakta bahwa penggunaan wajan boluc belum menjadi tren, maka
produksi menjadi relatif sedikit. Apabila pelayanan dan kualitas yang kita
berikan kepada konsumen kurang memuaskan,maka konsumen pun akan merasa
kecewa, sehingga usaha ini akan terancam bangkrut. Untuk mengatasi masalah
tersebut maka pemberian pelayanan dan kualitas produk yang terbaik kepada semua
konsumen menjadi hal yang utama. Kualitas produk yang baik dan pelayanan yang
terbaik menjadi prioritas utama dalam menjalankan usaha wajan bolic.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Analisis
swot pada usaha casing komputer dan kayu.</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Berikut adalah analisis swot pada usaha wajan bolic :</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1). <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Faktor internal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Strengths ( kekuatan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(1).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengerjaan casing komputer lebih
mudah dari cacing komputer konvensional.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(2).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dapat dibentuk dengan cita rasa
seni yang tinggi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b)<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Weakness( kelemahan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(1).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Memakan waktu lama dalam proses
pembuatannya.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">(2).<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rata-rata pengerjaannya masih
kasar karena teknik prakarya dengan media kayu adalah teknik yang sangat sulit.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2). <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>faktor eksternal</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Opportunities ( peluang/
kesempatan)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">M</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">elihat banyaknya tren yang menggabungkan antara teknologi, seni, dan alam,
maka casing komputer kayu bisa menjadi salah satu bentuk peluang usaha yang
menjanjikan karena ketiga aspek tersebut terpenuhi.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Threats ( ancaman)</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">M</span><span lang="EN-ID" style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-ansi-language: EN-ID; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">elihat fakta bahwa penggunaan casing komputer dari kayu belum menjadi tren
maka produksi menjadi relatif sedikit. Apabila pelayanan dan kualitas yang kita
berikan kepada konsumen kurang memuaskan, maka konsumen pun akan merasa kecewa
sehingga usaha ini akan terancam bangkrut. Untuk mengatasi masalah tersebut
maka pemberian pelayanan dan kualitas produk yang terbaik kepada semua konsumen
menjadi hal yang utama. Kualitas produk yang baik dan pelayanan yang terbaik
menjadi prioritas utama dalam menjalankan usaha tersebut.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
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Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-89830969634270590702020-10-21T00:23:00.005-07:002020-10-21T00:23:33.560-07:00DONGENG BAWANG MERAH BAWANG PUTIH<p> <!--[if !mso]>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Dongeng Bawang Putih Bawang Merah</span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; mso-outline-level: 2; text-align: center;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 18.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlfPWMCZnWGEOalQgDz4Qd_nRU2uKGyWyPgY0ekF6Wa5YPODzOlZiNPXkSsgIsN5Hgz_H3GS6stOQCh2M5emJtTQdm9H-OyDz19n1Y4ZqUhFEm-aLP-yCRFuoG2xlXxP7QDxBxjG2okN4/s800/000004-00_cerita-rakyat-bawang-merah-bawang-putih_merah-putih_800x450_ccpdm-min.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="450" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhlfPWMCZnWGEOalQgDz4Qd_nRU2uKGyWyPgY0ekF6Wa5YPODzOlZiNPXkSsgIsN5Hgz_H3GS6stOQCh2M5emJtTQdm9H-OyDz19n1Y4ZqUhFEm-aLP-yCRFuoG2xlXxP7QDxBxjG2okN4/s320/000004-00_cerita-rakyat-bawang-merah-bawang-putih_merah-putih_800x450_ccpdm-min.jpg" width="320" /></a></b></div><b><br /> </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Di sebuah desa, hiduplah seorang janda dengan dua
putrinya yang cantik, Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih. Ayah kandung Bawang Putih
yang juga suami dari ibu Bawang Merah telah meninggal lama, jadi Bawang Putih
adalah saudara tiri dari Bawang Merah.</span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bawang Merah dan Bawang Putih memiliki karakter dan
kepribadian yang berbeda. Bawang Putih rajin, baik hati, jujur dan rendah
hati. Sementara itu, Bawang Merah malas, glamor, bangga dan iri. Kepribadian
Bawang Merah yang buruk diperburuk karena ibunya memanjakannya. Ibunya selalu
memberinya semua yang dia inginkan. Sedangkan Bawang Putih yang melakukan semua
pekerjaan di rumah. Mencuci, memasak, membersihkan rumah, dan semua pekerjaan
dilakukan sendiri. Sementara itu, Bawang Merah dan ibunya hanya menghabiskan
waktu untuk diri mereka sendiri, karena ketika mereka membutuhkan sesuatu,
mereka bisa meminta Bawang Putih.</span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: center;"><a href="https://dongengceritarakyat.com/dongeng-cerita-bawang-putih-bawang-merah/dongeng-cerita-bawang-putih-bawang-merah/"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span><span style="color: blue; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">
</span></a><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bawang Putih tidak pernah mengeluh nasib buruk yang
harus dia hadapi. Dia selalu melayani ibu tiri dan saudara perempuannya dengan
gembira. Suatu hari, Bawang Putih sedang mencuci baju ibu dan saudara
perempuannya di sungai. Bawang Putih tidak menyadarinya ketika sepotong kain
milik ibunya hanyut oleh sungai. Betapa sedihnya dia, berpikir bahwa jika kain
itu tidak dapat ditemukan, dia akan disalahkan, dan bukan tidak mungkin dia
akan dihukum dan diusir dari rumah.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Karena takut kain ibunya tidak bisa ditemukan, Bawang
Putih terus mencari dan berjalan di sepanjang sungai. Setiap kali dia melihat
seseorang di tepi sungai, dia selalu bertanya tentang pakaian ibunya yang
hanyut oleh sungai, tetapi semua orang tidak tahu di mana kain itu. Akhirnya
Bawang Putih datang ke suatu tempat di mana sungai mengalir ke sebuah gua.
Anehnya, ada seorang wanita yang sangat tua di dalam gua. Bawang Putih bertanya
pada wanita tua itu jika dia tahu keberadaan kain milik ibunya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Wanita itu tahu di mana kain itu, tetapi dia memberi
syarat sebelum menyerahkannya ke Bawang Putih. Syaratnya adalah dia harus
bekerja membantu wanita tua itu. Bawang Putih terbiasa bekerja keras sehingga
pekerjaannya menyenangkan wanita tua itu. Saat itu sore hari dan Bawang Putih
sedang mengucapkan selamat tinggal kepada wanita tua itu. Wanita itu
menyerahkan kain itu padanya. Karena kebaikannya, wanita tua itu menawarkannya
hadiah labu . Ada dua di antaranya, yang satu lebih besar dari yang lain.
Bawang Putih diminta untuk memilih hadiah yang diinginkannya. Karena Bawang
Putih tidak serakah, maka dia memilih yang lebih kecil.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Setelah itu Bawang Merah kembali ke rumah. Ibu tirinya
dan Bawang Merah sangat marah karena Bawang Putih terlambat. Dia pun
menceritkan apa yang terjadi. Ibu tirinya masih marah karena Bawang Putih
terlambat dan hanya membawa satu labu kecil, jadi ibunya membanting labu itu ke
tanah.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Prakk” dan labunya pecah, tapi aneh ternyata di labu
ada perhiasan emas yang indah dan berkilauan. Ibu tirinya dan Bawang Merah
sangat terkejut. Mereka akan menjadi sangat kya dengan perhiasan yang begitu
banyak. Tapi mereka serakah, mereka malah berteriak pada Bawang Putih dan
membentak kenapa Bawang Putih tidak mengambil labu yang besar. Dalam pikiran
Bawang Merah dan Ibunya, jika labu yang lebih besar diambil, mereka pasti
mendapatkan lebih banyak perhiasan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Untuk memenuhi keserakahan mereka, Bawang Merah
mengikuti langkah-langkah yang diceritakan oleh Bawang Putih. Dia rela
menghanyutkan kain ibunya, berjalan di sepanjang sungai, bertanya pada
orang-orang dan akhirnya datang ke gua tempat wanita tua itu tinggal. Namun,
tidak seperti Bawang Putih, Bawang Merah menolak perintah wanita tua itu untuk
bekerja dan ia bahkan dengan arogan memerintahkan wanita tua itu untuk
memberinya labu yang lebih besar. Wanita tua itu memenuhi permintaan Bawang
Merah memberikan labu yang Besar untuk Bawang Merah.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bawang Merah
dengan senang hati membawa labu yang diberikan wanita tua itu, sambil
membayangkan berapa banyak perhiasan yang akan ia dapatkan. Sekembalinya ke
rumah, sang Ibu menyambut putri kesayangannya. Tidak lama setelah itu, labunya
dihancurkan ke tanah, tetapi alih-alih perhiasan, berbagai ular berbisa yang
menakutkan keluar dari dalam labu. Bawang Merah dan Ibunya akhirnya menyadari
apa yang telah mereka lakukan selama ini adalah salah dan meminta Bawang Putih
untuk memaafkan mereka.</span></p>
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Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-86685944071469699932020-10-21T00:21:00.004-07:002020-10-21T00:21:38.752-07:00TARI PIRING<p> <!--[if !mso]>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;">TARI
PIRING</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE4tcguqovKH3UNYOU2lrKAjrS4cuQ820rKcfEHrX0jJr8fRjst3lt0-4FLDUTlxQ9jagP8Me-rAhTfmFLfbVhQKxXIOyRcyv1ch0pQcvJBf-aBhZmXLk6GlLN1zM87FswXt95tsz4YOo/s800/artikel-tari-piring.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="533" data-original-width="800" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEhE4tcguqovKH3UNYOU2lrKAjrS4cuQ820rKcfEHrX0jJr8fRjst3lt0-4FLDUTlxQ9jagP8Me-rAhTfmFLfbVhQKxXIOyRcyv1ch0pQcvJBf-aBhZmXLk6GlLN1zM87FswXt95tsz4YOo/s320/artikel-tari-piring.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><p></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-language: IN; mso-no-proof: yes;">
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tarian piring adalah tari tradisional yang berasal
dari Minangkabau, tepatnya dari kota Solok, provinsi Sumatera Barat. Nama
tarian ini berasal dari bahasa Minangkabau dan mempunyai keunikan seperti
halnya tari payung yang juga berasal dari budaya minang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Gerakan dan properti yang digunakan penari membuat
tarian ini sangat populer dan diminati masyarakat Indonesia, bahkan masyarakat
mancanegara juga turut mengaguminya. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; mso-margin-bottom-alt: auto; mso-margin-top-alt: auto; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt;">Sesuai dengan namanya, tarian ini
menggunakan peralatan utama berupa piring saat menari. Piring inilah yang
membuat tarian ini berbeda dengan tari adat dari daerah lain. Penggunaan piring
sebagai gerakan tari memiliki makna dan sejarah tersendiri, dan hebatnya piring
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<p class="MsoNormal"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%;"> </span></p>
Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-85241424310303943912020-10-21T00:20:00.003-07:002020-10-21T00:20:32.774-07:00PROPERTI TARIAN<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tari Serimpi</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkR0BPOlB4gWAYLoyw4cQgKiPsGHGv2SgIzo4p9H2IdLfPxTjfTtbf_hQYNJeDHSj0e_cIv0Po5HgoLu4Zg5Q44gMeyxe6cvc03L60_lWBsmzBZ7FIDUI1fUjsPyDLVO3GMxJ0oKLFslQ/s890/2-13.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="592" data-original-width="890" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgkR0BPOlB4gWAYLoyw4cQgKiPsGHGv2SgIzo4p9H2IdLfPxTjfTtbf_hQYNJeDHSj0e_cIv0Po5HgoLu4Zg5Q44gMeyxe6cvc03L60_lWBsmzBZ7FIDUI1fUjsPyDLVO3GMxJ0oKLFslQ/s320/2-13.png" width="320" /></a></b></div><p></p>
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</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span>Tari
<a href="https://bobo.grid.id/tag/serimpi"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Serimpi</span></a> adalah
<a href="https://bobo.grid.id/tag/tarian"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">tarian</span></a> klasik
Keraton <a href="https://bobo.grid.id/tag/yogyakarta"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">Yogyakarta</span></a>
yang ditarikan beberapa penari wanita anggun. Gerakan yang pelan dan lembut
menunjukkan kesopanan dan kelemahlembutan <a href="https://bobo.grid.id/tag/budaya"><span style="color: windowtext; text-decoration: none; text-underline: none;">budaya</span></a>
keraton. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tarian ini ditampilkan oleh empat orang penari wanita
yang cantik dan anggun.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Kata serimpi itu sendiri berarti empat. Properti tari
yang digunakan di antaranya adalah jebeng, cundrik atau keris kecil, pistol,
jemparing, dan tombak pendek.</span></p>
Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-42840923277278796632020-10-21T00:19:00.002-07:002020-10-21T00:19:17.639-07:00TARIAN DAN PROPERTINYA <p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%;"> Tarian Sekapur Sirih</span></b></p>
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<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><b>Tari
Sekapur Sirih</b> merupakan <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tarian" title="Tarian">tarian</a> selamat datang kepada tamu-tamu besar di Provinsi
Jambi, <a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kepulauan_Riau" title="Kepulauan Riau">Kepulauan Riau</a>, dan Riau. Tarian ini juga terkenal
di Malaysia sebagai tarian wajib kepada tamu besar. </p>
<p style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm; text-align: justify;">Keagungan
dalam gerak yang lembut dan halus menyatu dengan iringan musik serta syair yang
ditujukan bagi para tamu. Menyambut dengan hati yang putih muka yang jernih
menunjukkan keramahtamahan bagi tetamu yang dihormati. </p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Properti yang digunakan: cerano/wadah yang berisikan
lembaran daun sirih, payung, keris.<br />
Properti: baju kurung/adat Jambi, iringan musik langgam melayu dengan alat
musik yang terdiri dari biola, gambus, akordion, rebana, gong dan gendang.</span></p>
Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-1215055955872466232020-10-20T23:18:00.002-07:002020-10-21T00:36:23.710-07:00RESENSI NOVEL GARUDA PUTIH BAHASA JAWA<p> <!--[if !mso]>
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</p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">NOVEL GARUDA PUTIH</span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p><p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: normal; margin-bottom: 12.0pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></b></p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN9U6GJVgZt1bjbHAoYLLPUOw4QPMfntgTOBlcI7_eaH6ZXgXsQf9zeotLhvmWKVbOU7r4UvsunK6bWOLVUsf4B4Tz4GMlWca40s7NmZOmmw-Aj3B-ZjK0xvuvf4zCh4r54LlXoDgujjE/s265/index.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="265" data-original-width="190" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEiN9U6GJVgZt1bjbHAoYLLPUOw4QPMfntgTOBlcI7_eaH6ZXgXsQf9zeotLhvmWKVbOU7r4UvsunK6bWOLVUsf4B4Tz4GMlWca40s7NmZOmmw-Aj3B-ZjK0xvuvf4zCh4r54LlXoDgujjE/s0/index.jpg" /></a></b></div><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><br /> </b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Irah-irahan : Garuda
Putih <br />
<br />
Penulis : Suparto Brata<br />
<br />
Penerbit : Penerbit Narasi Yogyakarta</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
Taun diterbitake : 2009</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br />
</span><span style="font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
<br style="mso-special-character: line-break;" />
</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span><p></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; padding: 0cm;">Garuda Putih yaiku durjana
kang kondhang ing Surabaya. Akeh kadurjanan kang wis dilakokake. Ananging angel
banget dicekel dening para polisi. Garuda Putih wis suwe dadi buronane polisi.
Nanging dhweke julig, tansah nduweni cara kang cerdhik nalika gawe tindak
kadurjanan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; padding: 0cm;">Kadurjanan keri dewe kang
dilakokake dening Garuda Putih yaitu kasus Abisuna kang mati diprejaya Garuda
Putih. Sadurunge Garuda Putih wis gawe kadurjanan gedhe ing Surabaya, dadi
maling ana ing toko rajabranane Pak Suryapringga, Surabaya. Dheweke bisa njukuk
bandha kang akeh tanpa bisa dicekel polisi. Sawise ngrampok Garuda Putih
ninggal pesen kang tulisane “Sing njukuk aku, Garuda Putih!” ana ing serbet
hotel ajeneng Hotel Argadalu. Polisi ngerasa ketantang ditinggali layang kaya
ngono dening Garuda Putih. Karepe polisi nyekel Garuda Putih saya memba-memba.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; padding: 0cm;">Kasus kadurjanan ing toko
rajabranane Pak Suryapringga durung beres, teka meneh kadurjanan dening
Garuda Putih kang kasil mrejaya wong selingkuh ana ing Hotel Tretes ajeneng
Abisuna. Polisi digawe budreg maneh. Garuda Putih ra kecekel.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; padding: 0cm;">Abisuna yaitu salah
sawijining pejabat pamrentah kang lagi tugas ana ing dhaerah cedhak Tretes.
Abisuna pamit marang bojone arep lunga kaprelu tugas kepara seminggu, ananging
malah nggawa wong wadon liya turu ana ing Hotel Argadalu, Tretes. Wong wadon
iku jenenge Emi. Wong wadon langganan kang wis biasa dikontrak gawean ngancani
turu wong liya. Ananging bojone Abisuna wis kongkon marang Bagus Pamutih supaya
ngawat-awati tindak-tanduke Abisuna ana ing Hotel Argadalu. Bagus Pramutih uga
dadi sasaran wong sing mrejaya Abisuna amarga pas mati, dheweke lagi nginep neng
hotel kono kanthi kaprelu ngawat-awati Abisuna.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; padding: 0cm;">Abisuna katemokake mati
dikendhat ana ing ngara-ara mburi hotel dening Manik lan Wicaksana, kang
padha-padha dadi tamu hotel. Ana ing njero klambine Abisuna ana pesen kang
tulisane “Paukumane kanggo wong slingkuh”. Tulisane iku persis karo tulisan ana
ing pesene Garuda Putih nalika ngrampok toko rajabranane Pak Suryapringga. Iku
ngapa sebabe kang disujana dadi pelakune yaiku Garuda Putih.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; padding: 0cm;">Pihak kepolisian kang
dipimpin Kapten Muhajir digawe budreg maneh anggone ngrampungke perkara iki
merga bukti kang diduweni ya mung padhane tulisan kang dinggo ngirim layang ana
ing kadurjanane Garuda Putih. Pihak kepolisian kang ngrampungke perkara iki
diewangi dening detektip kondhang, yaiku Detektip Handaka kang wasis anggone
mbedhah perkara-perkara kadurjanan.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; padding: 0cm;">Detektip Handaka nyujani
tunangane Rara Sumarni, yaitu Guritno. Rara Sumarni yaiku penakane Suhud kang
nduweni hotel Argadalu. Perangane persis Garuda Putih sanajan jenenge disamar
dadi Guritno. Detektip Handaka nyujani yen anggone nglakokake tindak kadurjanan
Garuda Putih kui liwat Rara Sumarni kang cedhak karo wong-wongane hotel
Argadalu.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="background: white; line-height: 20.25pt; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; text-align: justify; text-indent: 1.0cm; vertical-align: baseline;"><span style="border: none windowtext 1.0pt; font-family: "Trebuchet MS","sans-serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-border-alt: none windowtext 0cm; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN; padding: 0cm;">Ananging kui mau mung lagi
dadi sujanane pihak kepolisian lan Detektip Handaka. Ceritane gumantung amarga
durung ana bukti kang kuat kanggo nyekel Garuda Putih.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<span style="font-family: "Calibri","sans-serif"; font-size: 11.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-bidi-theme-font: minor-bidi; mso-fareast-font-family: Calibri; mso-fareast-language: EN-US; mso-fareast-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span>
<p class="MsoNormal"> </p>
Imam Losarieshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/04828492013792403831noreply@blogger.com0tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-1879164449382321835.post-63533351848050811082020-10-20T23:13:00.001-07:002020-10-20T23:13:20.459-07:00ASPEK PRODUKSI DALAM STUDI KELAYAKAN BISNIS<p> </p><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCFENSigyl4VQ7xOgTwHSGc6gAEWrAfvrVQrdWLQbd2WOkIUpXIWBsJtmNzUKOAZ36-gcyataaIli3xWUtttc7HVHVLsU7k3JmNJThBeqQVUCDA_uqV6gOrBgpPib0BjVFoq9hREW1P-8/s638/skb-5penilaianaspekaspekdalamstudikelayakanbisnis-1-638.jpg" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" data-original-height="442" data-original-width="638" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgCFENSigyl4VQ7xOgTwHSGc6gAEWrAfvrVQrdWLQbd2WOkIUpXIWBsJtmNzUKOAZ36-gcyataaIli3xWUtttc7HVHVLsU7k3JmNJThBeqQVUCDA_uqV6gOrBgpPib0BjVFoq9hREW1P-8/s320/skb-5penilaianaspekaspekdalamstudikelayakanbisnis-1-638.jpg" width="320" /></a></div><br /><p></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"> <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB I</span></b></p><p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENDAHULUAN</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Latar Belakang</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perkembangan
bisnis atau usaha pada saat ini telah menjadi suatu perkembangan yang sangat
signifikan bagi Indonesia. Dari yang berwujud UMKM (Usaha Mikro Kecil Menengah)
sampai dengan perusahaan-perusahaan besar. Itu menandakan bahwasanya kesadaran
akan berwirausaha pada saat ini telah meningkat dari sebelumnya.Tahapan-tahapan
membuat suatu usaha adalah suatu proses yang akan membantu kita untuk bisa
mendirikan suatu usaha dengan benar. Tahapan tersebut adalah, membuat Ide
Bisnis, SKB ( Studi Kelayakan Bisnis ), Perencanaan, dll .Untuk menjalankan
usaha diperlukan sebuah studi kelayakan bisnis, apakah sebuah usaha layak
dijalankan atau tidak layak dijalankan. Studi kelayakan bisnis bisa disimpulkan
untuk menentukan seberapa besar pengembalian sebuah investasi atas suatu
aktifitas usaha dan implikasi usaha tersebut dalam sebuah investasi, selalu ada
nilai investasi awal atau disebut sumber daya yang akan di alokasikan. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Rumusan Masalah</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">1.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apa definisi studi kelayakan bisnis dalam aspek
produksi ?</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">2.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Apa saja ruang lingkup dalam lingkungan bisnis?</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-indent: -21.25pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">3.<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Mengapa studi kelayakan bisnis dalam aspek lingkungan
ini perlu dibahas ?</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span> Tujuan</span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Untuk
mengetahui dampak apa saja yang diakibatkan oleh kegiatan bisnis terhadap
kegiatan produksi dari dampak positif dan negatifnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB II</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PEMBAHASAN</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.1<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Aspek Produksi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Schroeder (1993) memberikan penekanan
terhadap definisi kegiatan produksi dan operasi pada 3 hal yaitu:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pengelolaan fungsi organisasi dalam
menghasilkan barang dan jasa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adanya sistem transformasi yang menghasilkan
barang dan jasa.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Adanya pengambilan keputusan sebagai elemen
penting dari<span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>manajemen operasi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Keputusan yang di ambil oleh
sebuah organisasi mengenai produk yang di tawarkan mempunyai dampak penting
terhadap kinerja perusahaan. Sebagian keputusan bisnis mempunyai dampak yang
cukup luas, misalnya pilihan mengenai produk baru dan pengembanganpengembangan
produk. Keputusan-keputusan seperti ini menyentuh setiap bidang fungsional dan
mempengaruhi segala lapisan organisasi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Ada
empat macam pengambilan keputusan yang sering dihadapi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dalam
manajemen operasional.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peristiwa yang Pasti (<i>Certainty</i>)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peristiwa Tidak Pasti (<i>Uncertainty</i>)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peristiwa dengan Resiko (<i>Under Risk</i>)</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Peristiwa Akibat Konflik Antarlembaga (<i>Institutional
Conflic</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span></span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Pola pengambilan keputusan umumnya seperti diuraikan pada gambar diatas
ini. Data yang diolah menjadi informasi merupakan unsur terpenting sebagai
masukan di dalam sistem pengambilan keputusan, selanjutnya disalurkan melalui
prosedur untuk dilakukan peramalan. Hasil dari peramalan yang diperoleh akan
merupakan kumpulan alternatif kemungkinan yang bisa saja terjadi. Produksi
produk biasanya timbul setelah di lakukan riset atau penelitian terhadap
konsumen, produk apa yang sedang di inginkan konsumen serta sesuai dengan
kebutuhan. Perencanaan dan pengembangan produk pada hakikatnya adalah meliputi
berbagai macam aktifitas marketing dan hal tersebut merupakan sebuah fungsi
yang berorientasi pada konsumen. misalnya Hewlett - Packard (HP) adalah
perusahaan pembuat komputer terbesar pertama yang melaksanakan strategi
bersaing di zaman komputer baru tahun 1990’an. Manajemen perusahaan ini
melaksanakan strategi ganda yakni memperkenalkan perbaikan produk dan penekanan
biaya melalui skala ekonomi. perusahaan ini mempunyai strategi produk yang
telah sukses di pasar komputer yang sangat kompetitif . Perusahaan yang
memproduksi komputer ini tetap memberi kepuasan kepada konsumennya dengan
produk-produk inovatif bermutu tinggi, terus-menerus meningkatkan citra
mereknya yang kuat , dan secara efektif mengelola cara kerja semua lini,
komputer mini, printer, serta perangkat-perangkatnya.Prestasi HP sangat
mengagumkan jika di lihat dari persaingan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">yang begitu hebat serta adanya
pemotongan harga dalam industri komputer dunia pada tahun 1990’an. Pihak
manajemen tak putus putusnya melaksanakan strategi yang menawarkan keunggulan
nilai maupun keunggulan harga bagi konsumen Analisis dalam aspek produksi
adalah untuk menilai kesiapan perusahaan dalam menjalankan usahanya dengan
menilai ketetapan lokasi dan layout serta kesiagaan mesin yang digunakan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Menurut
Kasmir (2003) Tujuan yang hendak dicapai dalam penilaian aspek produksi adalah
:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agar perusahaan dapat menentukan
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">lokasi yang tepat</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agar perusahaan dapat menentukan
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">layout yang sesuai dengan proses
produksi yang dipilih</b>, sehingga memberikan efisiensi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agar perusahaan dapat menentukan
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">teknologi yang tepat </b>dalam menjalankan
produksinya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agar perusahaan dapat menentukan
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">metode perusahaan yang paling baik.</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">5. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agar dapat menentukan <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">kualitas tenaga karja</b> yang dibutuhkan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sekarang dan
dimasa yang akan datang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Sedangkan
menurut Purba (2002) Studi aspek produksi dalam studi kelayakan bisnis
dilakukan untuk menjawab pertanyaan : <i>“ Apakah</i> <i>proyek mampu untuk
menghasilkan produk setiap tahun sesuai dengan</i> <i>permintaan pasar selama
umur proyek ditinjau dari segi kuantitas,</i> <i>kualitas, kontinuitas, maupun
harga “.</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tujuan
yang hendak dicapai dalam penilaian aspek produksi adalah</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agar
perusahaan dapat menentukan lokasi yang tepat</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agar
perusahaan dapat menentukan layout yang sesuai dengan proses produksi yang
dipilih, sehingga memberikan efisiensi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agar
perusahaan dapat menentukan teknologi yang tepat dalam menjalankan produksinya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agar
perusahaan dapat menentuka nmetode perusahaanyang paling baik.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">•<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Agar
dapat menentukan kualitas tenaga kErja yang dibutuhkan sekarang dan dimasa yang
akan datang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.2<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perencanaan
Produk</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses
produksi menghasilkan produk. Pengusaha haruslah<b> </b>memikirkan tentang mutu
produk yang tergantung dari berbagai aspek<b> </b>termasuk desainnya. Sebelum
merencanakan desain atau mutu produk,<b> </b>kita harus mengetahui <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">atribut produk </b>yang antara lain adalah
:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Bentuk<span style="mso-bidi-font-weight: bold;"> </span>produk, warna, bungkus, merk, label,
pelayanan perusahaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atribut produk tersebut selalu
memiliki 2 aspek yaitu atribut yanmenunjukan aspek yang tangible yaitu:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek teknis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yang
tercermin dalam bentuk fisik produknya</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-bidi-font-weight: bold; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Aspek
intangible</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> yaitu aspek yang sosial budaya yang tercermin pada tanggapan masyarakat
terhadap pemakaian produk tersebut. Dengan mamakai produk yang desain atau
atribut-atribut lainnya (bungkus, merk dagang, dan sebagainya) yang menrik
sipembeli maka dia akan merasa bangga bahkan meras berada pada ststus sosial
tertentu. Aspek itulah yang merupakan aspek intangible. Menurut Gitosudarmo
(2001), dalam perencanaan produk yang akan dihasilkan, perlu diperhatikan
beberapa hal yaitu :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Atribut Produk</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Atribut yang beraspek teknis
(tangible aspect) adalah yang berkaitan dengan kemampuan teknis dari produk
tersebut, misalnya keawetan sepada motor, enak didengarnya musik, nikmatnya
rasa makanan, dan sebagainya. Aspek nonteknis merupakan aspek yang kasat mata
(intangible aspect) seperti persepsi konsumen yang menggunakan produk tertentu.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Posisi
Produk</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>merupakan
pandangan konsumen terhadap posisi dari berbagai produk yang ditawarkan
perusahaan kepadanya. Ada produk yang berkenan dan ada produk yng tidak
berkenan dihati konsumen, ini dapat dianalisis dengan menggunakan “Analisis
Posis Produk”. Analisis ini menentukan atribut utama penentu pemilikan suatu
produk dari konsumen. Dalam menentukan poisi produk, manajemen harus
memperhatikan produk-produk lainnya terutama prouk yang potensial. Penentuan
posisi produk yang tepat akan memberikan gambaran tentang kedudukan produk yang
dipasarkannya dalam peta pesaingan dengan produk-produk lainnya, juga
menggambarkan kekuatan dan kelemahan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">produk dibandingkan dengan produk
pesaingnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Siklus Kehidupan Produk (<i>Product Life
Cycle</i>)</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Setiap
produk akan masuk dalam jangkauan hidup yang berbeda-beda. Ada produk yang
masanya panjang, ada pula yang sangat pendek. Produk-produk yang bersifat mode
memiliki siklus hidup yang pendek. Jadi daur hidup produk adalah masa hidup
produk mulai dari saat dikeluarkan oleh perusahaan sampai dengan tidak
disenangi lagi oleh konsumen.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">siklus produk terbagi menjadi 4 fase, antara lain :</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap
Perkenalan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Dalam
tahap ini penjualan perusahaan masih sangat lambat, laba masih rendah bahkan
terkadang rugi, karena sangat sulit untuk memperkenalkan produk baru kepada
konsumen. Seringkali produk tersebut diperkenalkan tetapitidak banyak
masyarakay yang mengetahinya. Disini berarati perusahaan kurang efektif.
Efektifitas tahap ini diukur dari banyaknya masyarakat yang mengenal produk baru
tersebut.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap
Pertumbuhan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tahap ini merupakan kelanjutan dari tahap
perkenalan yang berhasil.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap ini
ditandai dengan ciri-ciri sebagai berikut :</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpFirst" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">a)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Para pemakai awal melakukan pembelian ulang, diikuti
dengan pembelian-pembeli potensial.</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">b)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tingkat laba tinggi</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">c)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Harga tetap atau naik sedikit</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">d)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biaya promosi tetap atau sedikit naik untuk menghadapi
pesaing</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">e)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Penjualan meningkat secara tajam</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">f)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Biaya produksi per unit turun</span></p>
<p class="MsoListParagraphCxSpLast" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 21.3pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; mso-list: l1 level1 lfo2; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none; text-indent: -21.3pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-list: Ignore;">g)<span style="font: 7.0pt "Times New Roman";">
</span></span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap Kedewasaan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap ini
menunjukan adanya masa kejenuhan dimana konsumen sudah mulai bosan, sehingga
akan sulit untuk meningkatkan penjualan produk tersebut. Hal ini tercermin pada
garis siklusnya menjadi tidak setajam sebelumnya.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Wingdings; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Tahap
Penurunan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pada tahap ini masyarakat sudah
tidak menyenangi produk tersebut sehingga penjualan akan merosot tajam. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Ada beberapa <b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">faktor mengapa
penjualan</b> dalam tahap ini turun :</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor kemajuan teknologi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor perubahan selera konsumen</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormalCxSpMiddle" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-add-space: auto; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: Symbol; mso-fareast-language: IN;">· <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Faktor
ketatnya persaingan dalam negeri dan atau luar negeri </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Portofolio Produk</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Portofolio produk merupakan
keadaan dimana suatu perusahaan memiliki beberapa macam produk yang
dihasilkannya dan dipasarkannya kepada masyarakat luas. Dalam analisa
portofolio ini seluruh produk yang dipasarkan akan dianalisa secara keseluruhan
bersama-sama, sehingga dari sekian produk yang dipasarkan itu, akan ada produk
yang sedang berada pada posisi tertentu dan yang lain posisinya berbeda lagi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.3<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perencanaan Kebutuhan
Material</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Perencanaan
kebutuhan material (Material Requarment Planning) adalah suatu konsep dalam
manajemen produksi yang membahas cara yang tepat dalam perencanaan kebutuhan
barang dalam proses produksi, sehingga barang yang dibutuhkan dapat tersedia
sesuai dengan yang di rencanakan. Salah satu alasan mengapa MRP digunakan
secara cepat dan meluas sebagai teknik manajemen produksi terutama dalam
lingkungan manufaktur karena MRP menggunakan kemampuan komputer untuk menyimpan
dan mengolah data yang berguna dalam menjalankan kegiatan perusahaan. MRP dapat
mengkoordinasikan kegiatan dari berbagai fungsi dalam perusahaan manufaktur,
seperti teknik, produksi, dan pengadaan. Oleh karena itu, hal yang menarik dari
MRP tidak hanya fungsinya sebagai penunjang dalam pengambilan keputusan,
melainkan keseluruhan peranannya dalam kegiatan perusahaan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Sebelum penggunaan MRP, perencanaan
pengendalian persediaandan produksi dilakukan melalui pendekatan reaktif
sebagai berikut:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Reorder point policy</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, dimana
persediaan secara kontinyu diawasi pengadaan dilakukan apabila jumlah barang
persediaan sudah sampai pada tingkat yang ditentukan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">.<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Periodic
order cycle policy</b>, dimana persediaan diawasi dan pada setiap periode
tertentu sejumlah barang ditambahkan agar jumlah persediaan tetap berada pada
tingkat persediaan yang telah ditentukan.MRP sangat bermanfaat bagi perencanaan
kebutuhan material untuk komponen yang jumlah kebutuhannya dipengaruhi oleh
komponen lain. Sistem MRP mengendalikan agar komponen yang diperlukan untuk
kelancaran produksi dapat tersedia sesuai dengan yang dibutuhkan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.4<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Tujuan
MRP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Secara
umum, sistem MRP dimaksudkan untuk mencapai tujuan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">sebagai berikut:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meminimalkan persediaan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Dengan
menggunakan metode ini, pengadaan (pembelian) atas komponen yang diperlukan untuk
suatu rencana produksi dapat dilakukan sebatas yang diperlukansaja sehingga
dapat meminimalkan biaya persediaan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Mengurangi resiko</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> karena
keterlambatan produksi atau pengiriman.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">MRP, mengidentifikasi banyaknya
bahan dan komponen yang diperlukan baik dari segi jumlah dan waktunya dengan
memperhatikan waktu tenggang produksi maupun pembelian komponen, sehingga
memperkecil resiko tidak tersedianya bahan yang akan diproses yang mengakibatkan
terganggunya rencana produksi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komitmen yang realistis</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. Dengan
MRP, jadwal produksi diharapkan</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dapat dipenuhi sesuai dengan
rencana, sehingga komitmen terhadap pengiriman barang dilakukan secara lebih
realistis. Hal ini mendorong meningkatnya kepuasan dan kepercayaan konsumen.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">d) <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Meningkatkan efisiensi</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">. MPR juga
mendorong peningkatan efisiensi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">karena jumlah persediaan, waktu
produksi, dan waktu pengiriman barang dapat direncanakan lebih baik sesuai
dengan jadwal induk produksi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.5<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komponen MRP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Komponen
MRP terdiri atas jadwal induk produksi, daftar material dan catatan persediaan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">a. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Jadwal Induk Produksi</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Jadwal induk produksi (<i>master
production schedule</i>, MPS) merupakan gambaran atas periode perencanaan dari
suatu permintaan, termasuk pramalan, <i>backlog</i>, rencana suplai/penawaran,
persediaan akhir, dan kuantitas yang dijanjikan tersedia (<i>available to
promise</i>, ATP). MPS disusun berdasarkan perencanaan produksi agregat, dan
merupakan kunci penghubung dalam rantai perencanaan dan pengendalian
produksi.MPS berkaitan dengan pemasaran, rencana distribusi, perencanaan
produksi dan perencanaan kapasitas. MPS mangendalikan MRP dan merupakan masukan
utama dalam proses MRP. MPS harus dibuat secara realistis, dengan
mempertimbangkan kemampuan kapasitas produksi, tenaga kerja, dan subkontraktor.
Ketetapan MPS bervariasi berdasarkan jangka waktu perencanaannya. Perencanaan
jangka pendek harus lebih akurat, mengingat biasanya berisi pesanan yang sudah
pasti (fixed order),</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">kebutuhan distribusi penrgudangan ,
dan kebutuhan suku cadang. Semakinjauh jangka waktu perencanaan ketepatan MPS
biasanya semakin berkurang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">b. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Daftar
Material</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Definisi yang lengkap tentang suatu produk akhir meliputi daftar barang
atau meterial yang diperlukan bagi perakitan, pencampuran atau pembuatan produk
akhir tersebut. Setiap produk mungkin memiliki sejumlah komponen, tetapi
mungkin juga memiliki ribuan komponen. Setiap komponen sendiri dapat terdiri
atas sebuah barang (item ) atau berbagai jenis barang.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">c. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Catatan
Persediaan</b></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;">
</span>Sistem MRP harus memiliki dan menjaga suatu data persediaan yang <i>up
to date </i>untuk setiap komponen barang. Data ini harus menyediakan informasi
yang akurat tentang ketersediaan komponen dan seluruh transaksi persediaan,
baik yang sudah terjadi maupun yang sedang direncanakan. Data itu mencakup
nomor identifikasi, jumlah barang yang terdapat digudang, jumlah yang akan
dialokasikan, tingkat persediaan minimum (<i>safety stock level</i>), komponen
yang sedang dipesan dan waktu kedatangan, serta waktu tenggang ( <i>procurement</i></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">lead time </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">) bagi
setiap komponen. Data persediaan bisa merupakan catatan manual selama di-<i>up</i>
<i>date </i>hari ke hari. Namun, dengan berkembangnya teknologi dan semakin
muranhnya harga komputer maka kini banyak perusahaan sudah menggunakan jaringan
sistem informasi melalui komputer sehingga apabila barang masuk atau barang
terpakai/terjual, datanya bisa</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">langsung diakses/diketahui disemua
unit terkait. Salah satu contoh penemuan teknologi yang bermanfaat bagi
manajemen persediaan adalah <i>bar code </i>(<i>automotic identification</i>).</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-autospace: none;"><b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2.6<span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Proses MRP</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kebutuhan untuk setiap komponen
yang diperlikan dalam melaksanakan MPS dihitung dengan menggunakan prosedur
sebagai berikut:</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">1. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;">Netting</b> </span></i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">, yaitu
menghitung kebutuhan bersih dari kebutuhan kasar dengan memperhitungkan jumlah
barang yang akan diterima, jumlah persediaan yang ada, dan jumlah persediaan
yang akan dialokasikan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">2. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Konversi</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">dari kebutuhan bersih menjadi kuantitas-kuantitas
pesanan.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menempatkan</span></i></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> suatu
pelepasan pemesanan pada waktu yang tepat dengan cara menghitung waktu mundur (<i>backward
scheduling</i>) dari waktu yang dikehendaki dengan memperhitungkan waktu
tenggang, agar memenuhi pesanan komponen yang bersangkutan. </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;"><i><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">4. <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span></span></i><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><i style="mso-bidi-font-style: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">Menjabarkan</span></i></b><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">rencana produksi produk akhir kebutuhan kasar untuk</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">komponen-komponennya melalui daftar material.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: IN; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><br clear="all" style="mso-special-character: line-break; page-break-before: always;" />
</span></b>
<p class="MsoNormal"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">BAB III</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">PENUTUP</span></b></p>
<p align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: center;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.1 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Kesimpulan</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Pola
pengambilan keputusan umumnya seperti diuraikan pada gambar diatas ini. Data
yang diolah menjadi informasi merupakan unsur terpenting sebagai masukan di
dalam sistem pengambilan keputusan, selanjutnya disalurkan melalui prosedur
untuk dilakukan peramalan. Hasil dari peramalan yang diperoleh akan merupakan
kumpulan alternatif kemungkinan yang bisa saja terjadi. Produksi produk
biasanya timbul setelah di lakukan riset atau penelitian terhadap konsumen,
produk apa yang sedang di inginkan konsumen serta sesuai dengan kebutuhan.
Perencanaan dan pengembangan produk pada hakikatnya adalah meliputi berbagai
macam aktifitas marketing dan hal tersebut merupakan sebuah fungsi yang
berorientasi pada konsumen. misalnya Hewlett - Packard (HP) adalah perusahaan
pembuat komputer terbesar pertama yang melaksanakan strategi bersaing di zaman
komputer baru tahun 1990’an. Manajemen perusahaan ini melaksanakan strategi
ganda yakni memperkenalkan perbaikan produk dan penekanan biaya melalui skala
ekonomi.</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt; text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><b style="mso-bidi-font-weight: normal;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;">3.2 <span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span>Saran</span></b><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"></span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span><span style="mso-tab-count: 1;"> </span><span style="mso-spacerun: yes;"> </span>Bila
ada kesalahan dalam pembuatan makalah ini yang diakibatkan penulis hanyalah
manusia biasa yang tak luput dari salah dan hilaf mohon dimaklumi</span></p>
<p class="MsoNormal" style="line-height: 150%; margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt 42.55pt;"><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 150%; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: IN;"> </span></p>
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